Preparation of Salts (CIE IGCSE Chemistry: Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award))

Soluble salts can be made by the neutralisation of an acid by a base. Insoluble salts can be made by precipitation.

The following is a brief description of the preparation of the soluble salt, nickel(II) chloride-6-water, from the insoluble base nickel(II) carbonate. Nickel(II) carbonate is added in small amounts to hot dilute hydrochloric acid until it is in excess. The mixture is filtered. The filtrate is partially evaporated and then allowed to cool until crystals of nickel(II) chloride-6-water form.

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Three common methods of preparing salts are shown below.

For each of the following salt preparations, choose a method, A, B or C. Name any additional reagent which is needed and complete the equation.

The soluble salt, nickel chloride, from the insoluble compound nickel carbonate

method .......................................................................................................................................

reagent ......................................................................................................................................

word equation ............................................................................................................................

The soluble salt, lithium sulfate, from the soluble base lithium hydroxide

method .......................................................................................................................................

reagent ......................................................................................................................................

equation .....................................................................................................................................

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Three ways of making salts are

• titration using a soluble base or carbonate
• neutralisation using an insoluble base or carbonate
• precipitation

Complete the following table of salt preparations.

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Chlorine reacts with phosphorus to form phosphorus trichloride.

Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound, phosphorus trichloride.

Use x to represent an electron from a phosphorus atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.

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Phosphorus trichloride reacts with water to form two acids.

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   Calcium salt

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Oxides are classified as acidic, basic, neutral and amphoteric.

Complete the table.

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There are three methods of preparing salts.

• Method A – use a burette and an indicator.
• Method B – mix two solutions and obtain the salt by precipitation.
• Method C – add an excess of base or a metal to a dilute acid and remove the excess by filtration.

For each of the following salt preparations, choose one of the methods A, B or C, name any additional reagent needed and then write or complete the equation.

Carbon dioxide is a gas.

Which one of these processes does not produce carbon dioxide?

Tick one box.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dehydrating agent which can chemically remove water from substances.

Both hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals and sucrose (a sugar), C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, can be completely dehydrated by concentrated sulfuric acid.

Name the solid product formed in each case.

hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals ________________

sucrose ________________

This question is about copper and copper compounds.

Describe how you could prepare a pure sample of crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate using dilute sulfuric acid and an excess of copper(II) oxide.

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Silver chloride, AgCl, is insoluble. It can be made by a precipitation reaction between aqueous barium chloride and a suitable aqueous silver salt.

What is meant by the term precipitate?

Hydriodic acid, HI (aq), is a strong acid. Its salts are iodides.

It has the reactions of a typical strong acid. Complete the following equations.

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Two of the reactions in (a) are acid / base and one is redox. Which one is redox? Explain your choice.

Describe how you could distinguish between hydriodic, HI (aq), and hydrobromic, HBr (aq) acids, by bubbling chlorine through these two acids.

Result with hydriodic acid ..................................................................................................

Result with hydrobromic acid .......................................................................................

20.0 cm³ of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 2.00 mol / dm³, was placed in a beaker.

The temperature of the alkali was measured and 1.0 cm³ portions of hydriodic acid were added.

After each addition, the temperature of the mixture was measured. Typical results are shown on the graph.

NaOH (aq) + HI (aq) → NaI (aq) + H₂O (l)

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The hydroxides of the Group I metals are soluble in water. Most other metal hydroxides are insoluble in water.

Crystals of lithium chloride can be prepared from lithium hydroxide by titration.

25.0cm³ of aqueous lithium hydroxide is pipetted into the conical flask.

A few drops of an indicator are added. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added slowly to the alkali until the indicator just changes colour. The volume of acid needed to neutralise the lithium hydroxide is noted.

A neutral solution of lithium chloride, which still contains the indicator, is left. Describe how you could obtain a neutral solution of lithium chloride which does not contain an indicator.

Soluble salts can be made using a base and an acid.

Complete this method of preparing dry crystals of the soluble salt cobalt(II) chloride-6-water from the insoluble base cobalt(II) carbonate.

Step 1

Add an excess of cobalt(II) carbonate to hot dilute hydrochloric acid.

Step 2

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Step 3

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Silver(I) chromate(VI) is an insoluble salt. It is prepared by precipitation. 20 cm³ of aqueous silver(I) nitrate, concentration 0.2 mol /dm³, was mixed with 20 cm³ of aqueous potassium chromate(VI), concentration 0.1 mol /dm³. After stirring, the mixture was filtered. The precipitate was washed several times with distilled water. The precipitate was then left in a warm oven for several hours.

2AgNO₃ (aq) + K₂CrO₄ (aq) → Ag₂CrO₄ (s) + 2KNO₃ (aq)

What difficulty arises if the name of a compound of a transition element does not include its oxidation state, for example iron oxide?

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These questions refer to the preparation of the salt.

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Insoluble salts are made by precipitation.

A preparation of the insoluble salt calcium fluoride is described below.

To 15 cm³ of aqueous calcium chloride, 30 cm³ of aqueous sodium fluoride is added. The concentration of both solutions is 1.00 mol / dm³. The mixture is filtered and the precipitate washed with distilled water. Finally, the precipitate is heated in an oven.

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The formulae of insoluble compounds can be found by precipitation reactions. To 12.0 cm³ of an aqueous solution of the nitrate of metal T was added 2.0 cm³ of aqueous sodium phosphate, Na₃PO₄. The concentration of both solutions was 1.00 mol/ dm³.

When the precipitate had settled, its height was measured.

The experiment was repeated using different volumes of the phosphate solution. The results are shown on the following graph.

 
What is the formula of the phosphate of metal T? Give your reasoning.