Addition & Condensation Polymers (CIE IGCSE Chemistry: Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award))

Extended tier only

• Addition polymers are formed by the joining up of many monomers and only occur in monomers that contain C=C bonds
• One of the bonds in each C=C bond breaks and forms a bond with the adjacent monomer 
• The polymer formed will only contain single bonds
• Many polymers can be made by the addition of alkene monomers
• Others are made from alkene monomers with different atoms attached to the monomer such as chlorine or a hydroxyl group
• The name of the polymer is deduced by putting the name of the monomer in brackets and adding poly- as the prefix
• For example if propene is the alkene monomer used, then the name is poly(propene)
• Poly(ethene) is formed by the addition polymerisation of ethene monomers

Deducing the polymer from the monomer 

• Polymer molecules are very large compared with most other molecule
• Repeat units are used when displaying the formula
• To draw a repeat unit:
  • Change the double bond in the monomer to a single bond in the repeat unit
  • Add a continuation bond to each end of the repeat unit
    • The bonds on either side of the polymer must extend outside the brackets (these are called extension or continuation bonds)
  • A small subscript n is written on the bottom right hand side to indicate a large number of repeat units
  • Add on the rest of the groups in the same order that they surrounded the double bond in the monomer

Examples of some addition polymers

 

The repeat unit for the polymer should have an n in the bottom right hand corner

 

Deducing the monomer from the polymer

• To deduce the monomer from the polymer:
• • Identify the repeating unit in the polymer
  • Change the single bond in the repeat unit to a double bond in the monomer
  • Remove the bond from each end of the repeat unit 

Th monomer has been identified, a double bond added and the atoms drawn in

Extended tier only

• Condensation polymers are formed when two different monomers are linked together with the removal of a small molecule, usually water
• This is a key difference between condensation polymers and addition polymers:
  • Addition polymerisation forms the polymer molecule only
  • Condensation polymerisation forms the polymer molecule and one water molecule per linkage
• The monomers have two functional groups present, one on each end
• The functional groups at the ends of one monomer react with the functional group on the end of the other monomer, in so doing creating long chains of alternating monomers, forming the polymer

Forming nylon 

• Nylon is a polyamide made from dicarboxylic acid monomers (a carboxylic with a -COOH group at either end) and diamines (an amine with an -NH₂ group at either end)
• Each -COOH group reacts with another -NH₂ group on another monomer
• An amide linkage is formed with the subsequent loss of one water molecule per link

Forming nylon

Nylon is a polyamide formed from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine

• The structure of nylon can be represented by drawing out the polymer using boxes to represent the carbon chains

Diagram showing a section of nylon

Forming polyesters

• PET or polyethylene terephthalate to give its full name, is a polyester made from dicarboxylic acid monomers (a carboxylic with a -COOH group at either end) and diols (alcohol with an -OH group at either end)
• Each -COOH group reacts with another -OH group on another monomer
• An ester linkage is formed with the subsequent loss of one water molecule per link
• For every ester linkage formed in condensation polymerisation, one molecule of water is formed from the combination of a proton (H⁺) and a hydroxyl ion (OH^–)
• PET is also used in synthetic fibres as is sold under the trade name of terylene

Forming PET

 

PET is a polyester formed from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol

• The structure of PET can be represented by drawing out the polymer using boxes to represent the carbon chains
• This can be done for all polyesters

Diagram showing a section of PET