Explaining Reactivity (CIE IGCSE Chemistry: Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award))

Extended tier only 

• Metal atoms form positive ions by loss of electrons when they react with other substances
• The tendency of a metal to lose electrons is a measure of how reactive the metal is
• A metal that is high up on the series loses electrons easily and is thus more reactive than one which is lower down on the series

Displacement reactions between metals and aqueous solutions of metal salts

• Any metal will displace another metal that is below it in the reactivity series from a solution of one of its salts
• This is because more reactive metals lose electrons and form ions more readily than less reactive metals, making them better reducing agents
• The less reactive metal is a better electron acceptor than the more reactive metal, thus the less reactive metal is reduced 
  • OILRIG: reduction is gain of electrons

Magnesium + copper sulfate

• Magnesium is a reactive metal and can displace copper from a copper sulfate solution
• Magnesium loses its electrons more easily and the ion of the less reactive metal, copper, will gain these electrons to form elemental copper
• This is easily seen as the more reactive metal slowly disappears from the solution, displacing the less reactive metal

magnesium + copper sulfate → magnesium sulfate + copper

Mg (s) + CuSO₄ (aq) → MgSO₄ (aq) + Cu (s)

• The blue colour of the CuSO₄ solution fades as colourless magnesium sulfate solution is formed
• Copper coats the surface of the magnesium and also forms solid metal which falls to the bottom of the beaker

The reaction between magnesium and copper sulfate

Diagram showing the colour change when magnesium displaces copper from copper sulfate

• By combining different metals and metal salts solutions it is possible to come up with a relative reactivity order

Metal Solutions Displacement Table

Mixture	Products	Equation for Reaction
Magnesium and iron(II) sulfate	Magnesium sulfate and iron	Mg + FeSO4 → MgSO4 + Fe
Zinc and iron chloride	Zinc chloride and iron	Zn + FeCl2 → ZnCl2 + Fe
Iron and silver nitrate	Iron(II) nitrate and silver	Fe + AgNO3 → Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Copper and iron(II) chloride	No reaction	------
Silver and copper(II) sulfate	No reaction	------
Zinc and magnesium chloride	No reaction	------

• From this table we can deduce the order of reactivity:
  • Magnesium and zinc are both more reactive than iron but magnesium is more reactive than zinc
  • Copper and silver are both less reactive than iron but silver is less reactive than copper
• The order of reactivity of the metals tested can be therefore be deduced as:
  • Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu > Ag