Molecules & Compounds (CIE IGCSE Chemistry: Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award))

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Covalent bonds in complex covalent molecules

Extended tier only

  • Some atoms need to share more than one pair of electrons to gain a full outer shell of electrons
  • If two adjacent atoms share two pairs of electrons, two covalent bonds are formed, also known as a double bond
  • If two adjacent atoms share three pairs of electrons, three covalent bonds are formed, also known as a triple bond

Nitrogen:

  • When 2 nitrogen atoms react they share 3 pairs of electrons to form a triple bond

Dot & cross Nitrogen, IGCSE & GCSE Chemistry revision notesEthene:

  • In ethene, the 2 carbon atoms share 2 pairs of electrons
  • This is known as a double bond

Dot-&-cross-Ethene_, IGCSE & GCSE Chemistry revision notesMethanol:
_3-3-2-molecules--compoundsCarbon Dioxide:
Dot-&-cross-Carbon-Dioxide_, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Chemistry revision notes

Examiner Tip

Be careful when drawing dot-and-cross diagrams, it is a common mistake for students to draw the wrong type of diagram. Remember, if the compound contains metal and non-metal, it is an ionic compound and you need to draw the ions separated, with square brackets around each ion, together with a charge. If the compound contains non-metal atoms only, it is a covalent compound, the shells should overlap and contain one or more pairs of electrons.

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Caroline

Author: Caroline

Expertise: Physics Lead

Caroline graduated from the University of Nottingham with a degree in Chemistry and Molecular Physics. She spent several years working as an Industrial Chemist in the automotive industry before retraining to teach. Caroline has over 12 years of experience teaching GCSE and A-level chemistry and physics. She is passionate about creating high-quality resources to help students achieve their full potential.