Explaining Conductivity (Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry)

• Electric current is the flow of charged particles
• This usually refers to electrons, but it could also mean the flow of ions
• Most covalent compounds do not conduct electricity as they have no freely moving charged particles to carry the current
• They act as insulators and have many applications which rely on that property
• Covalent substances are used as electrical insulators in solid, liquid and gaseous form
  • For example, sulfur hexafluoride is a dense gas used to insulate electrical transformers
  • Silicone oils and liquid hydrocarbons are also used in electrical equipment

• Common insulators include the plastic coating around household electrical wiring:

Covalent compounds are used as insulating materials

Covalent compounds are unable to conduct due to having no freely moving charged particles

• Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in the molten state or in solution
• This is because they have ions that can move and carry charge
• They cannot conduct electricity in the solid state as the ions are in fixed positions within the lattice and are unable to move

• Anions are negatively charged ions 
  • E.g. Cl^-, O^2-, SO₄^2-
• Cations are positively charged ions
  • E.g. K⁺, Mg²⁺, H⁺

• During electrolysis the electrons move from from the anode towards the cathode
• Cations within the electrolyte migrate towards the negatively charged electrode which is the cathode
• Anions within the electrolyte migrate towards the positively charged electrode which is the anode

Diagram showing the direction of movement of electrons and ions in the electrolysis of NaCl

Cations are attracted to the anode and anions to the cathode due to their opposite charges