The Characteristic Properties of Acids & Bases (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Chemistry)

Exam Questions

6 hours54 questions
1a
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3 marks

A student investigated the reaction between two different solids, C and D, and excess dilute hydrochloric acid.

Five experiments were carried out.

  • Experiment 1

    • A measuring cylinder was used to pour 30 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a polystyrene cup. The temperature of the dilute hydrochloric acid was measured. 1 g of solid C was added to the dilute hydrochloric acid and the mixture stirred with a thermometer.

    • The maximum temperature reached by the liquid mixture was measured.

  • Experiment 2

    • The polystyrene cup was emptied and rinsed with water.

    • Experiment 1 was repeated using 2 g of solid C.

  • Experiments 3 and 4

    • Experiment 2 was repeated using 3 g and then 5 g of solid C.

Complete the first column in the table.

Use the thermometer diagrams to record the results in the table below.

Complete the final column in the table. 

experiment

mass of solid C / g

thermometer diagram

initial temperature of acid / oC

thermometer diagram

maximum temperature reached / oC

temperature difference / oC

1

 

thermometer-reading-1

 

thermometer-reading-2

 

 

2

 

thermometer-reading-3

 

thermometer-reading-4

 

 

3

 

thermometer-reading-5

 

thermometer-reading-6

 

 

4

 

thermometer-reading-7

 

thermometer-reading-8

 

 

 

1b
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2 marks

Experiment 5

Experiment 1 was repeated using solid D. Use the thermometer diagrams to record the results in the spaces below. 

thermometer-reading-9
thermometer-reading-10

initial temperature of acid

final temperature of liquid mixture

 initial temperature of dilute hydrochloric acid = .................... °C

final temperature of liquid mixture = .................... °C

temperature change = .................... °C

1c4 marks

Plot the results for Experiments 1, 2, 3 and 4 on the grid and draw a straight line graph. 

atp-ohcooh-3e-graph
1d4 marks

i) From your graph, deduce the temperature of the solution when 6 g of solid C is added to 30 cm3  of dilute hydrochloric acid. Show clearly on the grid how you worked out your answer.

 .............................. °C

 [2]

 ii) From your graph, deduce the mass of solid C that would give a temperature rise of 9°C when added to 30 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid.

 ..............................

 [2]

1e1 mark

What type of chemical process occurs when solid D reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid?

1f2 marks

Suggest the effect on the results if Experiment 3 was repeated using 60 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid.

1g2 marks

Predict the temperature of the solution in Experiment 4 after 1 hour. Explain your answer.

1h2 marks

When carrying out the experiments, what would be one advantage and one disadvantage of taking the temperature readings after exactly one minute?

advantage ....................................................................................................

disadvantage ....................................................................................................

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2a3 marks

A student investigated the reaction of aqueous sodium hydroxide with aqueous solutions of two different acids, A and B.
Two experiments were done.

Experiment 1

Using a measuring cylinder, 50 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was poured into a polystyrene cup. The initial temperature of the solution was measured.

A burette was filled with the solution of acid A to the 0.0 cm3  mark. 5.0 cm3 of acid A was added to the aqueous sodium hydroxide in the cup and the mixture stirred.
The temperature of the solution was measured. Another 5.0 cm3  of acid A was added to the cup and the mixture stirred. The temperature of the mixture was measured.
More 5.0 cm3 portions of acid A were added to the cup until a total volume of 40.0 cm3 of acid had been added. After each addition, the mixture was stirred and the temperature measured.

Use the thermometer diagrams in the table to record the temperatures. 

7-1-q2a
2b3 marks

The burette was emptied and rinsed with distilled water, and then with acid B. This acid was discarded. The burette was then filled up to the 0.0 cm3 mark with acid B.

Experiment 2

Experiment 1 was repeated using acid B instead of acid A.
Use the thermometer diagrams in the table to record the temperatures.

7-1-q2b
2c5 marks

Plot the results for Experiments 1 and 2 on the grid and draw a smooth line graph for each experiment. Clearly label your graphs.

7-1-q2c
2d2 marks

Use your graph to estimate the temperature of the reaction mixture when 8.0 cm3  of acid B were added to 50 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide. Show clearly on the grid how you worked out your answer.

2e1 mark

What type of chemical reaction, other than neutralisation, occurred when acid A reacted with sodium hydroxide?

2f2 marks

Why was the burette rinsed firstly with distilled water and then with acid B before starting Experiment 2?

2g2 marks

The solutions of acids A and B are the same concentration.

i) In which experiment was the maximum temperature change greater?

[1]

ii)Suggest why the maximum temperature change was greater in this experiment. 

[1]

2h2 marks

Describe one source of error in Experiment 2. Suggest one improvement to reduce this source of error.
source of error  ...........................................................................................................................
improvement ..............................................................................................................................

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3a
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4 marks

A student investigated the reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with two different solids, calcium carbonate (marble) and calcium oxide.

Four experiments were carried out.

Experiment 1

By using a measuring cylinder, 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid was poured into a polystyrene cup and the initial temperature of the acid was measured.

2.5 g of small marble chips were added to the cup and the mixture stirred with the thermometer.

The temperature of the mixture was measured after 2 minutes.

Use the thermometer diagrams to record the temperatures in the table of results. 

temp-pair-1

 Experiment 2

Experiment 1 was repeated using 2.5 g of powdered calcium carbonate. Use the thermometer diagrams to record the results in the table. 

temp-pair-2

 Experiment 3

Experiment 1 was repeated using 1.5 g of lumps of calcium oxide. Use the thermometer diagrams to record the temperatures in the table. 

temp-pair-3

 Experiment 4

Experiment 1 was repeated using 1.5 g of powdered calcium oxide. Use the thermometer diagrams to record the results in the table. 

temp-pair-4

 Table of results 

Experiment

Initial temperature / o

Final temperature / oC

Temperature difference / oC

1

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

3

 

 

 

4

 

 

 

3b1 mark

What would be observed in Experiment 2?

3c3 marks

Draw a bar chart of the results of the experiments on the grid below. 

blank-bar-chart
3d2 marks

Which experiment produced

 i) the smallest temperature change,

 [1]

 ii) the largest temperature change?

 [1]

3e2 marks

Give two reasons why the temperature changes are different in (d).

3f2 marks

In Experiment 1, how would you know which reactant is in excess? Explain your answer.

3g2 marks

Explain how the temperature changes would differ in the experiments if 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid were used.

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4a
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4 marks

A student investigated the temperature changes that occur when two compounds A and B, react with hydrochloric acid. The apparatus below was used.

a-b-and-hcl-equipment

Experiment 1

By using a measuring cylinder, 30cm3 of hydrochloric acid was added to the plastic cup.

Use the thermometer diagram to record the initial temperature of the acid in the table. The timer was started, and some of the solid A was added to the cup. Immediate effervescence occurred. The mixture was stirred by moving the cup until the fizzing stopped.

More of A was then added and the student continued adding A in this way until all of solid A had been added.

Use the thermometer diagrams to record the temperature of the mixture every half minute.

Experiment 2

Experiment 1 was repeated using solid B. Use the thermometer diagrams to record the temperatures in the table.

Table of results

Experiment 1 

 

temp-a-results

  

Experiment 2 

temp-b-results
4b6 marks

Plot the results from both experiments on the grid below. For each set of results draw a smooth line graph. Indicate clearly which line represents Experiment 1 and which line Experiment 2. 

Nv~kepck_a-b-blank-graph
4c4 marks

From your graphs;

 i) Find the temperature of the reaction mixture after the hydrochloric acid had reacted for 2 minutes 15 seconds with

 solid A, ..................................................

 solid B. ..................................................

 [2]

 ii) What type of chemical reaction occurs when

 solid A, ..................................................

 solid B ..................................................

 reacts with hydrochloric acid?

 [2]

4d2 marks

Suggest what type of compound solids A and B are. Explain your answer.

4e3 marks

If the plastic cup and final reaction mixture are left for one hour, predict the temperature at this time for

 i) solid A and hydrochloric acid,

 ii) solid B and hydrochloric acid.

 Explain your answers.

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5a3 marks

Dilute nitric acid was added to a large amount of magnesium carbonate in a conical flask as shown.

carbonate-and-hno3-practical

The flask was placed on a balance and the mass of the flask and contents recorded every minute. The results are shown in the table.

time / min

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

mass of flask and contents / g

260.0

257.9

256.8

256.6

255.8

255.6

255.6

Plot the results on the grid and draw a smooth line graph. 

carbonate-and-hno3-practical-blank-graph
5b2 marks

Which result appears to be inaccurate? Why have you selected this result?

5c1 mark

Why does the mass of the flask and contents decrease?

5d1 mark

Suggest the purpose of the cotton wool.

5e1 mark

At what time did the reaction finish?

5f2 marks

On the grid, sketch the graph you would expect if the experiment were repeated using nitric acid at a higher temperature.

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6a1 mark

Samples of concrete were placed in solutions of different pH. The graph shows the percentage corrosion of the samples.

concrete-corrosion

Draw a smooth line graph on the grid.

6b2 marks

Which point on the grid appears to be inaccurate? Explain your reason for identifying this point.

6c1 mark

What happens to the percentage corrosion as the pH changes from 1 to 7?

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7a5 marks

Some plants do not grow well in acidic soil.

A farmer gives you a small sample of soil from a corner of one of his fields.

Plan an investigation to find out the pH of the soil sample.

You are provided with Universal Indicator solution and common laboratory apparatus.

7b2 marks

What further experiments would be necessary to inform the farmer which plants should be grown in each of his fields?

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8a3 marks

An experiment was carried out to find the pH of samples of soil from a farmer’s field.

soil-sampling

Identify the pieces of apparatus labelled 

A, ....................................................................................................

B, ....................................................................................................

C. ....................................................................................................

8b2 marks

Why was the soil crushed?

8c1 mark

Why should soil samples be taken from different parts of the field?

8d1 mark

Suggest why it is important to know the pH of soil. 

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9a3 marks

A student investigated the neutralisation of dilute hydrochloric acid, using an excess of calcium carbonate.

Step 1 Excess calcium carbonate was added to hydrochloric acid.

neutralisation-prac-step-1

Step 2. Excess calcium carbonate was removed from the solution.

neutralisation-prac-step-2

Step 3. The solution of calcium chloride was tested with indicator paper.

Identify the pieces of apparatus labelled

 A, ....................................................................................................

 B, ....................................................................................................

C. ....................................................................................................

9b1 mark

What does the term excess mean?

9c1 mark

Suggest the pH value of the solution of calcium chloride.

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10a3 marks

Acid base indicators Indicators are used to identify acids and bases.

Indicators can be obtained from berries and other fruits. 

Plan an experiment to obtain an aqueous solution of an indicator from some berries.

10b3 marks

Plan an experiment to use the indicator solution to show that it is an effective indicator.

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