Solids, liquids & gases (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Chemistry)
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- FrontKinetic Theory
True or False?
The three states of matter are solids, liquids and gases.
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True or False?
The three states of matter are solids, liquids and gases.
True.
The three states of matter are solids, liquids and gases.
What does kinetic theory explain?
Kinetic theory explains the differences in physical properties of solids, liquids, and gases by referring to the arrangement and motion of particles.
Define the term density.
Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance.
True or False?
Solids have a fixed volume and shape.
True.
Solids have a fixed volume and shape.
What is the main difference in particle movement between solids and liquids?
In solids, particles vibrate in position but can't change location.
In liquids, particles move and slide past each other.
True or False?
Liquids have a higher density than gases.
True.
Liquids have a higher density than gases.
In terms of gases, what does compressibility mean?
Compressibility means that gases can be compressed into a smaller volume due to the large amount of space between particles.
Which state of matter has particles with the highest energy?
The state of matter which has particles with the highest energy is gas.
True or False?
Liquids and gases have particles that are close together.
False.
Solids and liquids have particles that are close together.
Which state(s) of matter has randomly arranged particles?
The states of matter with randomly arranged particles are:
Liquids
Gases
Which state(s) of matter has particles that are not free to move?
The state of matter that has particles that are not free to move is:
Solid. They can only vibrate about a fixed position, they are not free to move.
True or False?
Particles in a liquid move quickly in all directions.
False.
Particles in a liquid have restricted movement and move around each other.
Gas particles move quickly in all directions.
Name the state change that takes place when a liquid becomes a solid.
The interconversion that takes place when a liquid becomes a solid is called freezing.
What is boiling?
Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas at a constant temperature.
What type of energy allows particles to move in the liquid state? (Extended tier only)
The type of energy that allows particles to move in the liquid state is kinetic energy.
True or False?
Energy is needed to change a gas to a liquid. (Extended tier only)
False.
Energy is released when a gas changes into a liquid.
What is melting?
Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid.
True or False?
The melting point and freezing point of a substance are the same.
True.
There is no difference between the melting point and freezing point.
What is freezing?
Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid.
What happens to the forces of attraction when a solid turns to a liquid? (Extended tier only)
When a solid turns to a liquid, the forces of attraction are overcome or broken.
What is condensation?
Condensation is when a gas changes into a liquid, usually on cooling.
What does the term interconversion of state mean?
Interconversion of state is the change of matter from one state to another due to changes in temperature or pressure.
What is evaporation?
Evaporation is when a liquid changes into a gas.
State the melting and boiling point of pure water.
The melting and boiling point of pure water are:
Melting point = 0 oC
Boiling point = 100 oC
True or False?
Evaporation only occurs at the boiling point of a liquid.
False.
Evaporation occurs over a range of temperatures below the boiling point of a liquid.
What happens to particles during melting in terms of energy? (Extended tier only)
During melting, particles absorb thermal energy which is converted into kinetic energy, allowing them to move more freely.
Define the term boiling point.
Boiling point is the specific temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas.
What is the relationship between surface area and evaporation rate?
The larger the surface area, the more quickly a liquid can evaporate.
What do the flat sections on heating and cooling curves represent? (Extended tier only)
The flat sections on heating and cooling curves represent changes of state.
Add labels for solid, liquid and gas to the cooling curve.
(Extended tier only)
The cooling curve with solid, liquid and gas labels:
True or False?
This heating curve is correctly labelled.
(Extended tier only)
False.
From left to right, the labels should be solid, solid/liquid, liquid, liquid/gas and gas.
What happens to the volume of a gas as temperature increases?
As temperature increases, the volume of a gas increases.
True or False?
The density of a gas increases as its volume increases. (Extended tier only)
False.
The density of a gas decreases as its volume increases.
What is the relationship between pressure and volume in a gas?
As pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases, and vice versa.
In terms of gases, define the term pressure. (Extended tier only)
In terms of gases, pressure is the force exerted by gas particles colliding with the walls of their container.
What causes gas particles to move faster?
An increase in temperature causes gas particles to move faster.
True or False?
Gaseous particles are in constant and random motion.
True.
Gaseous particles are in constant and random motion.
What happens to the frequency of particle collisions with container walls when volume decreases? (Extended tier only)
When volume decreases, the frequency of particle collisions with container walls increases.
Define the term kinetic energy in relation to gas particles. (Extended tier only)
Kinetic energy, in relation to gas particles, is the energy of motion possessed by the particles.
What happens to gas particles when temperature increases?
When temperature increases, gas particles move faster and spread out more.
True or False?
Increasing pressure means there are more particles in the same volume. (Extended tier only)
True.
The pressure can be increased by:
Having more particles in the same space / volume.
Having the same number of particles in a smaller space / volume.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
True or False?
Diffusion provides evidence for the kinetic theory of matter.
True.
Diffusion provides evidence for the kinetic theory of matter.
True or False?
Diffusion in liquids is faster than in gases.
False.
Diffusion in liquids is slower than in gases because the particles in a liquid are closely packed together and move more slowly.
True or False?
In potassium manganate (VII) solution, the particles can easily mix together.
True.
The particles can easily mix together because the water and potassium manganate (VII) particles are moving randomly and the particles can slide over each other
True or False?
Bromine gas is red-brown.
True.
Bromine is red-brown as a gas.
In which states of matter does diffusion occur?
Diffusion occurs in gases and liquids.
Describe the concentration of particles after diffusion is complete.
After diffusion is complete, the concentration of particles is evenly spread, throughout the available space.
True or False?
At the same temperature, all gases diffuse at the same rate. (Extended tier only)
False.
At the same temperature, gases with different molecular masses diffuse at different rates.
How does molecular mass affect the rate of diffusion in gases? (Extended tier only)
Gases with lower molecular mass diffuse faster than gases with higher molecular mass.
What is a concentration gradient?
A concentration gradient is the difference in concentration of particles between two areas / places.
True or False?
Diffusion requires energy input to occur.
False.
Diffusion happens spontaneously and does not require energy input.