Preventing the Spread of Disease (CIE IGCSE Biology: Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award))

• Vaccinations are available for some pathogens to help control the spread of diseases
  • Vaccines are not available for all diseases
• People who are immune to a disease due to being vaccinated are not able to catch and spread the disease

Extended Tier Only

• If a large enough percentage of the population is vaccinated, it provides protection for the entire population because there are very few places for the pathogen to breed - it can only do so if it enters the body of an unvaccinated person
• This is known as herd immunity
• If the number of people vaccinated against a specific disease drops in a population, it leaves the rest of the population at risk of mass infection, as they are more likely to come across people who are infected and contagious This increases the number of infections, as well as the number of people who could die from a specific infectious disease

Herd immunity

• Herd immunity prevents epidemics and pandemics from occurring in populations
• This is the reason that many vaccinations are given to children, as they are regularly seen by medical practitioners and can be vaccinated early to ensure the entire vaccinated population remains at a high level
• In certain instances, vaccination programmes are run with the aim of eradicating certain dangerous diseases, as opposed to controlling them at low levels
• An example of a disease which has been eradicated as a result of a successful vaccination programme is smallpox, which was officially eradicated in 1980 after a vaccination programme run by the World Health Organisation since the mid-1950s