Gametes & Fertilisation (Edexcel IGCSE Biology)

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The Gametes

  • Gametes are sex cells produced by meiosis

    • The sperm and ovum in animals

    • The pollen nucleus and ovum in plants

  • They contain half the number of chromosomes (23 in human gametes) compared to normal body cells

  • Gametes have adaptations to improve the chances of successful fertilisation and embryo development, for example:

    • sperm cells have a tail to propel them towards the egg and mitochondria to provide energy for this movement

    • egg cells have energy stores within the cytoplasm to support early embryo development

Human gametes diagram

Comparing sperm and egg cells (illustration), IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

Comparing sperm and egg cells

Fertilisation

  • Fertilisation can be described as:

the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote

  • The zygote then divides by mitosis to develop into an embryo

  • Cells start to become specialised to perform specific functions, forming all the body tissues of the offspring

Fertilisation in humans

  • During sexual intercourse, semen is ejaculated into the female's vagina near the cervix, and sperm travel through the cervix into the uterus.

  • Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct if a sperm meets an egg, typically 1-2 days after ovulation

  • A human zygote contains the full 46 chromosomes (23 pairs of chromosomes)

    • half of which came from the father and half from the mother

Fertilisation in Humans, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

The process of fertilisation in humans

Fertilisation in plants

  • In plants, fertilisation occurs when a pollen tube grows down from a pollen grain to deliver the male nucleus into the ovary

  • Here the male and female gametes fuse to form the embryo

  • More detailed notes on this process can be found here

pollination-and-fertilisation-1

The process of fertilisation in plants.

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Lára Marie McIvor

Author: Lára Marie McIvor

Expertise: Biology Lead

Lára graduated from Oxford University in Biological Sciences and has now been a science tutor working in the UK for several years. Lára has a particular interest in the area of infectious disease and epidemiology, and enjoys creating original educational materials that develop confidence and facilitate learning.