Human Alimentary Canal: Structure & Function (Edexcel IGCSE Biology)
Revision Note
The Structure & Function of the Alimentary Canal
The digestive system is an example of an organ system
Digestion is a process in which relatively large, insoluble molecules in food (such as starch, proteins) are broken down into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to cells in the body
These small soluble molecules (such as glucose and amino acids) are used either to provide cells with energy (via respiration), or with materials with which they can build other molecules to grow, repair and function
The human digestive system is made up of the organs that form the alimentary canal and accessory organs
The alimentary canal is the channel or passage through which food flows through the body, starting at the mouth and ending at the anus
Digestion occurs within the alimentary canal
Accessory organs produce substances that are needed for digestion to occur (such as enzymes and bile) but food does not pass directly through these organs
The human digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory organs that work together to break large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules
Alimentary canal and accessory structures table
Structure | Function |
|---|---|
Mouth / salivary glands | Mechanical digestion: teeth chew food to break it into smaller pieces and increase its surface area to volume ratio Chemical digestion: amylase enzymes in saliva start digesting starch into maltose The food is shaped into a bolus (ball) and lubricated by saliva so it can be swallowed easily |
Oesophagus | The tube that connects the mouth to the stomach Wave-like contractions take place to push the food bolus down without relying on gravity |
Stomach | Food is mechanically digested by churning actions while protease enzymes start to chemically digest proteins. Hydrochloric acid is present to kill bacteria in food and provide the optimum pH for protease enzymes to work. |
Small intestine | The first section is called the duodenum; this is where digestion of the food exiting the stomach is completed by enzymes that are present in the duodenum lining and secreted by the pancreas The pH of the small intestine is slightly alkaline; around pH 8-9. The second section is called the ileum and is where the absorption of water and digested food molecules takes place; the ileum is long and lined with villi to increase the surface area over which absorption can take place |
Large intestine | Water is absorbed from the remaining material in the colon to produce faeces Faeces are stored in the rectum and exit the body via the anus |
Pancreas | Produces all three types of digestive enzymes: amylase, protease and lipase Secretes enzymes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum for digestion; this raises the pH of fluid coming out of the stomach |
Liver | Amino acids that are not used to make proteins are broken down here (deamination), producing urea Produces bile to emulsify fats (break large droplets into smaller droplets), an example of mechanical digestion |
Gall bladder | Stores bile to release into the duodenum |
The stages of food breakdown
Food taken into the body goes through six different stages during its passage through the alimentary canal (the gut):
Ingestion - the taking in of substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body through the mouth
Mechanical digestion - the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
Chemical digestion - the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules
Absorption - the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood
Assimilation - the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells
Egestion - the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed (as faeces) through the anus
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