Human Alimentary Canal: Structure & Function (Edexcel IGCSE Biology)

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The Structure & Function of the Alimentary Canal

  • The digestive system is an example of an organ system
  • Digestion is a process in which relatively large, insoluble molecules in food (such as starch, proteins) are broken down into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to cells in the body
  • These small soluble molecules (such as glucose and amino acids) are used either to provide cells with energy (via respiration), or with materials with which they can build other molecules to grow, repair and function
  • The human digestive system is made up of the organs that form the alimentary canal and accessory organs
    • The alimentary canal is the channel or passage through which food flows through the body, starting at the mouth and ending at the anus
    • Digestion occurs within the alimentary canal
    • Accessory organs produce substances that are needed for digestion to occur (such as enzymes and bile) but food does not pass directly through these organs

The human digestive systemThe human digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory organs that work together to break large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

Alimentary canal and accessory structures table

Structure Function
Mouth / salivary glands

Mechanical digestion: teeth chew food to break it into smaller pieces and increase its surface area to volume ratio

Chemical digestion: amylase enzymes in saliva start digesting starch into maltose

The food is shaped into a bolus (ball) and lubricated by saliva so it can be swallowed easily
Oesophagus

The tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

Wave-like contractions take place to push the food bolus down without relying on gravity
Stomach

Food is mechanically digested by churning actions while protease enzymes start to chemically digest proteins.

Hydrochloric acid is present to kill bacteria in food and provide the optimum pH for protease enzymes to work.
Small intestine

The first section is called the duodenum; this is where digestion of the food exiting the stomach is completed by enzymes that are present in the duodenum lining and secreted by the pancreas

The pH of the small intestine is slightly alkaline; around pH 8-9.

The second section is called the ileum and is where the absorption of water and digested food molecules takes place; the ileum is long and lined with villi to increase the surface area over which absorption can take place
Large intestine

Water is absorbed from the remaining material in the colon to produce faeces

Faeces are stored in the rectum and exit the body via the anus
Pancreas

Produces all three types of digestive enzymes: amylase, protease and lipase

Secretes enzymes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum for digestion; this raises the pH of fluid coming out of the stomach
Liver

Amino acids that are not used to make proteins are broken down here (deamination), producing urea

Produces bile to emulsify fats (break large droplets into smaller droplets), an example of mechanical digestion
Gall bladder Stores bile to release into the duodenum

The stages of food breakdown

  • Food taken into the body goes through six different stages during its passage through the alimentary canal (the gut):
    • Ingestion - the taking in of substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body through the mouth
    • Mechanical digestion - the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
    • Chemical digestion - the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules
    • Absorption - the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood
    • Assimilation - the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells
    • Egestion - the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed (as faeces) through the anus

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Lára

Author: Lára

Expertise: Biology Lead

Lára graduated from Oxford University in Biological Sciences and has now been a science tutor working in the UK for several years. Lára has a particular interest in the area of infectious disease and epidemiology, and enjoys creating original educational materials that develop confidence and facilitate learning.