Role of Neurotransmitters at Synapses (Edexcel IGCSE Biology)
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The Role of Neurotransmitters
Neurones do not actually come into direct contact with each other
Where the dendrites of two neurones meet (to make a connection between the neurones) a junction known as a synapse is formed
At a synapse, there is a very small gap between the neurones
This very small gap is known as the synaptic cleft or synaptic gap
Electrical impulses cannot travel directly from one neurone to the next due to the synaptic cleft (electricity cannot 'jump' the gap)
Instead, the electrical signal is briefly converted to a chemical signal that can cross the synaptic cleft
The chemical signalling molecules used to transfer the signal between neurones at a synapse are known as neurotransmitters
Once these neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and meet the neurone on the opposite side, the signal is converted back into an electrical impulse, which can then pass along the neurone
The structure of a synapse
How an impulse is passed across a synapse
The electrical impulse travels along the axon of the first neurone (known as the presynaptic neurone)
This triggers the end of the presynaptic neurone to release chemicals called neurotransmitters from vesicles
These vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing their contents into the synaptic cleft
The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the second neurone (known as the postsynaptic membrane)
This stimulates the second neurone to generate an electrical impulse (which then travels down the second axon)
The neurotransmitters are then destroyed to prevent continued stimulation of the second neurone (otherwise the neurotransmitters would cause repeated impulses to be sent)
Synapses ensure that impulses only travel in one direction, avoiding the confusion that would be caused within the nervous system if impulses were able to travel in both directions
How an impulse is passed on at a synapse
Examiner Tips and Tricks
For maximum marks, you will need to understand the structure and functioning of a synapse and explain what happens at each step. Exam questions about neurotransmitters are a good opportunity for examiners to introduce unfamiliar examples and contexts, so remember the following:
Neurotransmitters move by diffusion – remember, this requires a concentration gradient and is a passive process
Receptors that are complementary in shape to neurotransmitters are located on the postsynaptic neurone
Drugs (such as heroin, ecstasy and cocaine) can bind to neurotransmitter receptors, triggering impulses in different regions of the brain
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