Cell Structure & Size of Specimens (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Biology)

Fig. 1 shows a diagram of a cell found in leaves.

Fig. 1

(i)

State the names of structures F, G and H.

[3]

(ii)

On Fig. 1 draw:

• a line labelled K to show where the chromosomes are found

• a line labelled L to show the position of the cell membrane.

[2]

(iii)

State the name of this type of plant cell.

[1]

The cell in Fig. 1 was placed in a concentrated glucose solution.

Fig. 2 shows the appearance of the cell after ten minutes in the glucose solution. 

Fig. 2

(i)

State two ways in which the cell has changed.

[2]

(ii)

Water moves into and out of the cell by osmosis.

Osmosis is a form of diffusion.

Describe the ways in which diffusion is different to active transport.

[3]

Table 1 shows some aspects of plant and animals.

Place a tick (✓) in the appropriate cells of Table 1.

Table 1

Name one animal cell organelle that would be expected to occur in large numbers in a metabolically active cell.

The boxes on the left describe processes carried out by cells.

The boxes on the right contain the names of the cells that carry out these processes.

Draw one straight line from each box on the left to a box on the right to link the process to the cell type. 

Draw six lines.

An example has been done for you. 

Fig. 1 shows a section through part of a leaf.

Fig. 1

(i)

On Fig. 1 draw: 

• a label line to identify one guard cell and label it G

• a label line to identify one of the stomata and label it S.

[2]

(ii)

State one function of stomata.

[1]

The nucleus of an animal cell has a diameter of about 6 µm. 

Suggest a reason why bacteria do not have a nucleus.

Fig. 1 is a photomicrograph of part of the upper surface of a broad bean leaf, Vicia faba.

Fig. 1

(i)

On Fig. 1, identify and label two structures that are visible in cell P. 

[2]

(ii)

State the name of the tissue shown in Fig. 1.

[1]

(iii)

The tissue shown in Fig. 1 is transparent.

Explain why it is important to the plant that the tissue shown in Fig. 1 is transparent.

Sketch a bacterial cell, showing its main cellular components.

Fig. 1 shows some muscle cells.

Fig. 1

Identify the function of a muscle cell and explain how they are adapted for this function.

Fig. 2 shows some information about specialised cells.

Fig. 2

Identify the type of specialised cell shown and match each one to the correct function.

Describe how the xylem is adapted for carrying water and mineral ions around a plant.

Name the process by which a cell changes to become specialised.

Animal and plant cells have some structural features in common.

Name two structures you would find in both an animal cell and a plant cell.

Fig.1 shows a photomicrograph of the surface of a plant root.

Fig. 1

Name structure X.

Calculate the actual length of structure X in Fig. 1.

Show your working.

Failure of structure X to develop properly in the cells of a plant root could be catastrophic to a plant. 

Suggest an explanation as to why.

Fig. 1 shows three different cells.

Fig. 1

Calculate the size ratio of the bacterial cell compared to the liver cell and mesophyll cell.

Explain the role of differentiation in the development of root hair cells which allows them to carry out their specific function in plants.

Some scientists completed a study to investigate the starch content of roots in a species of grass at four points throughout the year in a country in the northern hemisphere. 

Their results can be seen in Fig. 2

Fig. 2

Explain how the starch found in the roots of grass species helps to support growth of the grass.

Calculate the percentage change of stored starch from October to January and suggest a reason for this change.

Extended only

Place the following cellular measurements into order, starting with the smallest.

Extended only

The palisade mesophyll cell in Fig. 1 is printed in a student's text book.

Magnification: 7800×

Fig. 1

The student measures the height of the printed image as 6.2 cm. 

Calculate the height of the palisade cell. 

Extended only

An artery supplies blood from a man's shoulder to his wrist, before it splits to supply the various parts of his hand.

Identify the statement(s) about the artery in Table 1 that could be correct?

Place a tick (✓) in the box(es) that show(s) a plausible statement. 

Table 1

A form of vascular tissue in plants, the xylem, consists of a large amount of dead tissue yet still performs its function.

Explain how dead tissue in certain parts of the xylem is an advantage over live tissue.

Compare the similarities and differences in the structure of animal and bacterial cells.

Include reference to the relative sizes of cellular structures in your answer.

Fig. 1 shows a cell found in the glands responsible for producing saliva in the mouth.

Fig. 1

Identify the protein, produced by these cells, that is required for the digestion of carbohydrates.

Suggest how the cell in Fig. 1 is adapted for its function.

Describe how cell specialisation results in a zygote developing into a baby.

Fig. 1 shows some parts of the human body.

Fig. 1

Identify each structure and which level of organisation each one belongs to.

Explain how two separate organs of the musculoskeletal system, muscles and bones, work together to perform the function of movement.

Fig. 2 shows a human muscle cell from a person's leg muscle.

Fig. 2

Identify the levels of organisation that this cell belongs to.

A new-born baby is thought to have around 1 250 000 000 000 (1.25 × 10¹²) cells. That same baby, as an adult male, is estimated to have 37 000 000 000 000 (3.7 × 10¹³) cells. If the new-born baby had a mass of 3.1kg at birth, estimate the mass of the adult male. Give your answer in appropriate units to the nearest whole number. 

Extended only

Complete Table 1 to show the correct size conversions. Record your answers as ordinary numbers

Table 1

Extended only

The mass of bacterial cells was measured in femtograms (fg).

1 femtogram = 1 x 10^-15g

Fig. 1

Calculate the mass of bacteria, in grams, immediately after binary fission when the cell growth rate was 0.1 fg s^-1.Give your answer in standard form.

Extended only

The electron micrograph in Fig. 2 shows some cellular structure in a leaf. A student uses a ruler to measure the scale bar, which is found to be 1.5 cm.

Fig. 2

Calculate the magnification of the image.