1 markWhich of the following statements is a correct reason that humans sweat?
To lose water through the surface of the skin.
To increase water loss from the kidneys.
To increase heat loss from the body.
To reduce blood glucose levels.
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1 markWhich of the following statements would not be a correct example of negative feedback?
An increase in core body temperature when cold.
Vasoconstriction.
The release of a neurotransmitter at a synapse.
The control of blood glucose levels.
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1 markWhich row of the table best summarises the parts of the nervous system?
| brain | neurones | spinal cord |
A | central | peripheral | central |
B | peripheral | peripheral | central |
C | central | central | central |
D | peripheral | central | peripheral |
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1 markWhich of the following statements are reasons for the evolution of reflex arcs in the mammalian nervous system?
To prevent harm or damage to an organism.
To provide a rapid response to dangerous situations.
To allow a degree of choice to an organism about response.
To allow certain stimuli to be ignored/eliminated.
1 and 3 only
1 and 2 only
1, 2 and 3
2, 3 and 4
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1 markWhich row of the table best describes receptor organs and their respective stimuli in the human body?
| Skin | Ears | Nose |
A | pressure | sound | chemical (in solution) |
B | heat | balance | chemical (in solution) |
C | pressure | balance | chemical (vapours) |
D | heat | sound | temperature |
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1 markThe image below shows a simple reflex arc.
Which of the following sequences correctly shows the order of cells that an impulse passes through during a reflex action?
| first → last |
A | Z → X → Y |
B | X → Y → Z |
C | Y → X → Z |
D | Z → Y → X |
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1 markThe image below shows some of the structures in the eye.
The circular and radial muscles can control the size of the pupil in the eye.
How would they respond in the eye of a person walking from a brightly lit room into a dark one?
| radial muscles | circular muscles | pupil |
A | relaxes | contracts | constricts |
B | relaxes | contracts | dilated |
C | contracts | relaxes | dilated |
D | contracts | relaxes | constricts |
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1 markWhich row of the following table correctly describes what happens in the body after a person consumes a can of sugary drink?
| role of the pancreas | role of the liver | effect |
A | releases glucagon | converts glycogen into glucose | blood sugar levels rise |
B | releases insulin | converts excess glucose into glycogen | blood sugar level falls |
C | releases glucagon | converts excess glucose into glycogen | blood sugar level falls |
D | releases insulin | converts glycogen into glucose | blood sugar levels rise |
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1 markThe image below shows a cell from the nervous system. The cell forms part of a reflex arc.
An impulse moves along the neurone from Q to P.
What structures would be found at P and Q?
| P | Q |
A | receptor | relay neurone |
B | relay neurone | receptor |
C | motor neurone | relay neurone |
D | gland | relay neurone |
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1 markAn athlete takes part in a marathon.
What would be the effect of an athlete taking part in a marathon race on a hot, sunny day?
| volume of water reabsorbed in the kidneys | volume of water lost from the skin | effect on hairs on the skin |
A | less | decreases | lie flat |
B | more | decreases | erect |
C | less | increases | lie flat |
D | more | increases | lie flat |
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1 markWhich row of the following table correctly describes the effect of adrenaline in the body?
| pulse rate | blood glucose concentration | breathing rate |
A | increases | remains constant | increases |
B | increases | decreases | decreases |
C | increases | increases | increases |
D | decreases | increases | increases |
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1 markThe image below shows the structures involved in a simple reflex arc.
Which of the following sequences correctly shows the order that an impulse passes through during a reflex action?
S → U → V → T
S → T → U → V
S → V → U → T
T → V → U → S
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1 markFour statements are given below.
Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles.
An impulse is generated in the postsynaptic neurone.
An impulse arrives at the end of a neurone.
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
Which of the following options correctly describes the sequence of events that occurs at a synapse?
1 → 2 → 3 → 4
2 → 4 → 1 → 3
2 → 1 → 4 → 3
3 → 1 → 4 → 2
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1 markA group of students set up an experiment to investigate growth responses in plants.
In one of the experiments, they placed a plant shoot in a box with a small window allowing light to fall on one side of the shoot only.
Which of the following options correctly describes and explains what happened in the student’s experiment?
| response | cause | effect |
A | positive phototropism | more auxin on side of shoot exposed to light | slower growth on shaded side of shoot |
B | positive phototropism | more auxin on shaded side of shoot | slower growth on side of shoot exposed to light |
C | negative gravitropism | even distribution of auxins | equal rates of growth |
D | positive phototropism | less auxin on shaded side of shoot | faster growth on side of shoot exposed to light |
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1 markWhich row of the table correctly outlines the cause of, and treatment for, type 1 diabetes?
| cause | treatment |
A | inability of the pancreas to produce insulin | insulin injection |
B | inability of the pancreas to produce insulin | controlling diet and regular exercise |
C | inability of the liver to produce glucagon | glucagon injection |
D | inability of the liver to produce insulin | insulin injection |
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1 markWhat changes occur in the skin when a person becomes very cold?
| hair effector muscles | effect | blood vessels | effect |
A | contract | air trapped against skin | constrict | less heat loss by radiation |
B | contract | less air trapped against skin | dilate | more heat loss by radiation |
C | relax | air trapped against skin | dilate | less heat loss by radiation |
D | relax | less air trapped against skin | constrict | more heat loss by radiation |
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1 markThe image below shows the density of the two types of photoreceptor across a horizontal section of the retina.
Which row of the table below correctly identifies the structures present in the eye according to the image above?
| P | Q | R | S |
A | cone cells | rod cells | retina | cone cells |
B | rod cells | cone cells | fovea | rod cells |
C | cone cells | rod cells | fovea | cone cells |
D | rod cells | cone cells | retina | rod cells |
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1 markA group of students wanted to set up an experiment to investigate plant growth.
They attached a plant pot to a clinostat and placed it in a dark room as shown in the image below:
Which of the following images would show the expected result of this experiment after two days?
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1 markWhich row of the table best summarises the ways that the eye adjusts to different stimuli?
| looking at near objects | looking at far objects | bright light | dim light |
A | lens becomes flat | suspensory ligaments loosen | circular muscles relax | radial muscles contract |
B | suspensory ligaments loosen | ciliary muscles relax | circular muscles contract | radial muscles contract |
C | suspensory ligaments tighten | suspensory ligaments tighten | circular muscles relax | radial muscles contract |
D | lens becomes round | ciliary muscles contract | circular muscles contract | circular muscles relax |
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1 markWhich of the following statements about glucagon are false?
Glucagon reverses the effect of the hormone glycogen
Glucagon is produced in the pancreas
Glucagon is secreted when blood glucose levels fall
Glucagon stimulates liver and muscle cells to convert glucose into stored glycogen
Glucagon is a polysaccharide
Glucagon is usually secreted soon after ingestion of carbohydrate-rich food
1, 2, 5 and 6
1, 3, 4 and 6
1, 4, 5 and 6
5 and 6 only
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