Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Biology Revision Notes 2021

1. Characteristics & Classification of Living Organisms

2. Organisation of the Organism

Cell Structure

Organisation of Cells

Magnification Formula

Converting Between Units

3. Movement into & out of Cells

Diffusion in Biology

Factors that Influence Diffusion

Water

Osmosis

Osmosis Experiments

Osmosis in Animals & Plants

Active Transport

Proteins & Active Transport

4. Biological Molecules

Chemicals & Life

Food Tests

DNA Structure

5. Enzymes

Enzymes

Enzyme Investigations

Enzyme Action & Specificity

Enzymes & Temperature

Enzymes & pH

6. Plant Nutrition

Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

Use & Storage of Carbohydrates

Minerals in Plants

Investigating the Need for Chlorophyll, Light & Carbon Dioxide

Investigating the Rate of Photosynthesis

Investigating Gas Exchange

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation

Limiting Factors

Leaf Structure

Identifying Leaf Structures in a Dicotyledonous Plant

7. Human Nutrition

Emulsification of Fats & Oils

Adaptations of the Small Intestine

8. Transport in Plants

Xylem & Phloem

Root Hair Cells

Pathway Taken by Water

Transpiration

Investigating Temperature & Wind Speed

Transpiration Stream

Explaining the Effects of Temperature, Wind Speed & Humidity

Translocation

9. Transport in Animals

Circulatory System

Circulatory System Continued

The Mammalian Heart

Monitoring Activity of the Heart

Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate

Coronary Heart Disease

Identifying Structures in the Heart

Functioning of the Heart

Explaining the Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate

Blood Vessels

Circulation Around the Body

Structure & Function of Blood Vessels

Blood Vessels & the Liver

Components of Blood

Blood Clotting

White Blood Cells

Conversion of Fibrinogen

10. Diseases & Immunity

Pathogens & Barriers

Controlling the Spread of Disease

Active Immunity

Antigens & Antibodies

Vaccination

Preventing the Spread of Disease

Passive Immunity & Breastfeeding

Cholera

11. Gas Exchange in Humans

Features of Gas Exchange Surfaces

The Breathing System

Investigating the Differences in Inspired & Expired Air

Differences in Inspired & Expired Air

Investigating the Effects of Physical Activity on Breathing

Identifying Intercostal Muscles

Function of Cartilage in the Trachea

Volume & Pressure Changes in the Lungs

Differences in Inspired & Expired Air

Explaining the Link Between Physical Activity & Breathing

Protecting the Breathing System

12. Respiration

Respiration in Cells

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

13. Excretion in Humans

Excretion in Humans

The Kidney

The Role of the Liver in Excretion

14. Coordination & Response

Mammalian Nervous System

Homeostasis: Definition

Homeostasis

Homeostasis: Temperature Control

Tropisms

15. Drugs

Drugs in Medicine

16. Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

Sexual Hormones in Humans

Sexually Transmitted Infections

17. Inheritance

Chromosomes, Genes & Proteins

The Inheritance of Sex

Genes & Proteins

Protein Synthesis

Which Proteins are Synthesised?

Mitosis

Meiosis

Monohybrid Inheritance

Codominance & Sex-Linked Characteristics

18. Variation & Selection

Variation in Biology

Adaptive Features

Adaptive Features Continued

Natural Selection

Artificial Selection

19. Organisms & Their Environment

Transfer of Energy

Food Chains & Food Webs

Pyramids of Number & Biomass

Pyramids of Energy

Nutrient Cycles

Populations

20. Human Influences on Ecosystems

Ensuring Food Supply

The Importance of Biodiversity

Reasons for Conservation

21. Biotechnology & Genetic Modification

Usefulness of Bacteria

Biotechnology

Genetic Modification

Study tools