Pathetic Fallacy - GCSE English Literature Definition

What is pathetic fallacy?

In GCSE English Literature and GCSE English Language, pathetic fallacy is a literary device where the weather or environment reflects human emotions or events in a text.

Why do writers use pathetic fallacy?

Writers use pathetic fallacy to create mood, foreshadow events, or emphasise a character’s emotional state. By mirroring a character’s inner turmoil through nature, the atmosphere of a scene becomes more immersive and symbolic.

Example of pathetic fallacy

An example of pathetic fallacy appears in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, when Victor Frankenstein brings his creature to life:

"It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils."

The use of “dreary night” and the bleak November setting reflects the ominous and unnatural act of creating life. The stormy, oppressive weather throughout the novel often mirrors Victor’s guilt and despair, reinforcing the dark and tragic tone of the story.

Revision resources to ace your exams

Learn how to explore a writer's use of pathetic fallacy by using our detailed GCSE revision notes.

GCSE English Literature Revision Notes

GCSE English Language Revision Notes

For more literary techniques, check out our list of 127 top literary devices, complete with student-friendly definitions.