Base - GCSE Chemistry Definition
Reviewed by: Philippa Platt
Last updated
What is a base?
In GCSE Chemistry, a base is any substance that reacts with an acid to form water and a salt only.
base + acid → water + salt
Common examples of bases are metal oxides like magnesium oxide and metal hydroxides like sodium hydroxide.
magnesium oxide + hydrochloric acid → water + magnesium chloride
sodium hydroxide + sulfuric acid → water + sodium sulfate
If the base is a metal carbonate, carbon dioxide is also produced:
base + acid ⟶ water + carbon dioxide + salt
magnesium carbonate + nitric acid → water + carbon dioxide + magnesium nitrate
Neutralisation reactions
Acids have a pH below 7 and bases have a pH above 7. A neutralisation reaction happens when an acid reacts with a base or an alkali to make a solution that is neutral, pH 7. In these reactions, water is always made.
Acids contain hydrogen ions, H⁺.
Bases or alkalis contain hydroxide ions, OH⁻.
When they react, these ions join to make water:
H+ (aq) + OH– (aq) ⟶ H2O (l)
This equation is often called the ionic equation of neutralisation. It is the same for all neutralisation reactions.
What is an alkali?
If a base dissolves in water, it is called an alkali. Bases dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions.
For example:
Copper(II) oxide, CuO
Is a base
Is not an alkali because it does not dissolve in water
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
Is a base
Is also an alkali because it dissolves in water
Base Revision Resources to Ace Your Exams
To explore cracking further, you should check out the revision notes on Acid-Base Reactions bases and practise our exam questions to ensure success. Flashcards on acid are also a great way to revise the wider topic of hydrocarbons before an exam.
Need help reaching your target grade? Explore our notes, questions by topic and worked solutions, tailor-made for GCSE Chemistry.
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