Dangers of Mains Electricity (Edexcel GCSE Physics: Combined Science)

• The live wire, having a voltage of around 230 V, is the most dangerous one
• As a result of this, fuses and switches are always connected to the live wire
  • This means that when a switch is turned off (or a fuse blows) a device will no longer be connected to the live supply

The circuit symbol for a fuse

• The live wire carries most of the power to the circuit and, as a result, it is the most dangerous wire
  • It has a voltage of around 230 V

• The neutral wire is much safer than the live wire, although it can deliver a small shock
  • It has a voltage close to 0 V

• The earth wire only carries a current to the ground if there is a fault in the appliance
  • It has a voltage of 0 V

• Normally, the earth wire does not carry any electricity – it is there for safety only
• As a result, in most circumstances, its potential difference is 0 volts
• Many electrical appliances have metal cases that pose a potential safety hazard:
  • If a live wire (inside the appliance) came into contact with the case, the case would become electrified
  • Therefore if anyone touched it, they would risk electrocution

• The earth wire is an additional safety wire that can reduce this risk
• If this happens:
  • The earth wire provides a low resistance path to the Earth
  • This causes a surge of current in the earth wire and hence also in the live wire
  • The high current through the fuse causes it to melt and break
  • This cuts off the supply of electricity to the appliance, making it safe to touch

Signs, like the above, warn of the risk of electrocution

• Because of the large potential difference between the live (230 V) and the earth (0 V), if the two are connected together, a very large current can be created
• If a person provides the connection between live and earth then a large current can pass through them, providing a potentially lethal shock
• Electricians will always switch off the mains electricity supply to the whole house, or section of a house when they are working with electrical appliances
  • This is because they will come into contact with live wires when they are working
  • The potential difference of the live wire is 230 V and the potential of the electrician is 0 V
  • Therefore, there is a large potential difference between the live wire and the electrician, so, a current would pass through the electrician's body to reach the earth
  • Even if a device is switched off but the mains supply is on, the live wire can still cause an electric shock