Atomic & Mass Number (Edexcel GCSE Physics: Combined Science)

Atomic Number

• The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number (it can also be called the proton number)
  • Elements in the periodic table are ordered by their atomic number
  • Therefore, the number of protons determines which element an atom is

• The atomic number of a particular element is always the same
• For example:
  • Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1. It always has just one proton
  • Sodium has an atomic number of 11. It has 11 protons
  • Uranium has an atomic number of 92. It has 92 protons

• The atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons in an atom
  • This is because a neutral atom has the same number of electrons and protons in order to have no overall charge

Mass Number

• The total number of particles in the nucleus of an atom is called its mass number (it is also called the nucleon number)
  • The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom

• The number of neutrons can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number

Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number

• For example, if a sodium atom has a mass number of 23 and an atomic number of 11, then the number of neutrons would be 23 – 11 = 12
• The mass number of an element can change, which means they are are isotopes

Nuclear Notation

• The mass number and atomic number of an atom are shown by writing them with the atomic symbol
  • This is called nuclear notation

• Here are three examples:

Examples of nuclear notation for atoms of Hydrogen, Sodium and Uranium

• The top number is the mass number
  • This is equal to the total number of particles (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus

• The lower number is the atomic number
  • This is equal to the total number of protons in the nucleus

• The atomic and mass number of each type of atom in the examples above is shown in this table:

Protons, Neutrons & Electrons Table

ANSWER:  D

Step 1: Determine the atomic and mass number

• • The gold atom has an atomic number of 79 (lower number) and a mass number of 197 (top number)

Step 2: Determine the number of protons

• • The atomic number is equal to the number of protons
  • The atom has 79 protons

Step 3: Calculate the number of neutrons

• • The mass number is equal to the number of protons and neutrons
  • The number of neutrons is equal to the mass number minus the atomic number

197 - 79 = 118

• • The atom has 118 neutrons

Step 4: Determine the number of electrons

• • An atom has the same number of protons and electrons
  • The atom has 79 electrons

Step 1: Determine the number of protons

• • The atomic number is the number of protons
  • Both Chlorine-35 and Chlorine-36 have 17 protons

Step 2: Determine the number of neutrons

• • The mass number is the number of protons and neutrons
  • Chlorine-35 neutrons: 35 - 17 = 18 neutrons
  • Chlorine-36 neutrons: 36 - 17 = 19 neutrons

Step 3: Determine the number of electrons

• • The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons
  • Both Chlorine-35 and Chlorine-36 have 17 electrons