Applications of the Generator Effect (Edexcel GCSE Physics)

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Applications of the Generator Effect

Higher Tier Only

  • The generator effect can be used to:
    • Generate a.c in an alternator
    • Generate d.c in a dynamo

Alternator

  • A simple alternator is a type of generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current

new-7-3-2-alternator

An alternator is a rotating coil in a magnetic field with commutator rings

  • A rectangular coil that is forced to spin in a uniform magnetic field
  • The coil is connected to a centre-reading meter by metal brushes that press on two metal slip rings (or commutator rings)
    • The slip rings and brushes provide a continuous connection between the coil and the meter

  • When the coil turns in one direction:
    • The pointer defects first one way, then the opposite way, and then back again
    • This is because the coil cuts through the magnetic field lines and a potential difference, and therefore current, is induced in the coil

  • The pointer deflects in both directions because the current in the circuit repeatedly changes direction as the coil spins
    • This is because the induced potential difference in the coil repeatedly changes its direction
    • This continues on as long as the coil keeps turning in the same direction

  • The induced potential difference and the current alternate because they repeatedly change direction

new-7-3-3-ac-graphs

A.C output from an alternator - the current is both in the positive and negative region of the graph

Dynamos

  • A dynamo is a direct-current generator
  • A simple dynamo is the same as an alternator except that the dynamo has a split-ring commutator instead of two separate slip rings

The electric motor, IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notesA dynamo is a rotating coil in a magnetic field connected to a split ring commutator

  • As the coil rotates, it cuts through the field lines
    • This induces a potential difference between the end of the coil

  • The split ring commutator changes the connections between the coil and the brushes every half turn in order to keep the current leaving the dynamo in the same direction
    • This happens each time the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field lines

  • Therefore, the induced potential difference does not reverse its direction as it does in the alternator
  • Instead, it varies from zero to a maximum value twice each cycle of rotation, and never changes polarity (positive to negative)
    • This means the current is always positive (or always negative)

dc-dynamo-output, IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notes

D.C output from a dynamo - the current is only in the positive region of the graph

Bicycle Dynamo

  • A bicycle dynamo is used to supply electricity to bicycle lights whilst in motion
  • It consists of a rotating magnet placed inside (or next to) a coil
  • The magnet is rotated by its connection to the bicycle inside the coil
    • This is sometimes called the friction wheel and the axle / spindle

  • The magnetic field lines cut through the sides of the coil
    • This induces a potential difference in the coil

  • Since the magnetic field is constantly changing direction as it rotates, so does the output potential difference
    • This means the output current is also changing direction

  • Therefore, a bicycle dynamo, unlike a normal dynamo, produces alternating current (a.c)

Bicycle Dynamo, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notes

A bicycle dynamo consists of a magnet rotating in a coil due to the motion of the wheels

Examiner Tip

Motors and generators look very similar (as do microphones and loudspeakers), but they do very different things.When tackling a question on either of them, make sure you are writing about the right one!You might be expected to give the above explanations - make sure that you understand their subtle differences!

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Ashika

Author: Ashika

Expertise: Physics Project Lead

Ashika graduated with a first-class Physics degree from Manchester University and, having worked as a software engineer, focused on Physics education, creating engaging content to help students across all levels. Now an experienced GCSE and A Level Physics and Maths tutor, Ashika helps to grow and improve our Physics resources.