Syllabus Edition
First teaching 2016
Last exams 2025
Puritan Challenge to the Religious Settlement (Edexcel GCSE History)
Revision Note
Written by: Zoe Wade
Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett
Did the Puritans Pose a Significant Threat to Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement? - Summary
Puritans were hopeful for the succession of Elizabeth I in 1555. After the five-year reign of the Catholic Mary I, Puritans believed Elizabeth would return the Church of England to Protestantism.
During the 1560s, Puritan clergymen began breaking elements of the Religious Settlement. They thought that Elizabeth had maintained too many Catholic elements within the design and services of churches. They demanded the removal of crucifixes and vestments from their churches. Some devout Puritans argued for the abolition of organ music and holy days. Most parishioners did not want the removal of these elements of the church. More seriously, Puritans challenged the authority of the Queen as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The Act of Supremacy established her power over church matters.
As the challenges originated from Puritan clergymen, Elizabeth had to consider her reaction. Elizabeth utilised a combination of compromise and punishment. This was effective in dealing with the Puritan challenge to the Religious Settlement.
The Issue of the Crucifix
Crucifixes symbolise the Christian belief that Jesus Christ died on the cross in c.33 CE
Examiner Tips and Tricks
Nowadays, historians do not use the terms BC and AD to measure time. This is because they are associated with Christianity. Instead, they use the non-religious terms BCE (Before Common Era) and CE (Common Era), which you should try to use in your exams. There is no year difference in dates between BC/AD and BCE/CE. Also, you may have noted the date begins with ‘c.’ This stands for ‘circa’ which means ‘approximately.’ Even historians are unsure when some historical events happened. You can also use the abbreviation ‘c.’ in an exam if you are uncertain of the exact year of a significant moment that you want to talk about
The inclusion of the crucifix in the Act of Uniformity caused conflict
Puritans considered crucifixes as idols. They believed that the worship of idols was a sin against God
Elizabeth liked crucifixes in churches. She also worried that radically changing the look of churches would upset English Catholics
Puritan bishops were adamant that their churches should not have crucifixes
Some Puritan bishops threatened to resign if the Queen did not allow them to remove the crucifix
Elizabeth decided to allow Puritans to remove the crucifix
She was worried about losing Puritan bishops. There were not enough Protestant clergymen to replace the Puritan bishops if they decided to resign
This shows Elizabeth was willing to compromise on certain elements of the Religious Settlement to keep her subjects happy
The Issue of the Vestments
Elizabeth wanted all clergymen to wear special vestments when conducting church services
The Royal Injunctions stated the government’s expectations on when to wear vestments
In 1566, the Archbishop of Canterbury wrote the ‘Book of Advertisements’
The book, published in 1566, gave further guidance on vestments
Vestments were important to the Catholic faith
Catholic clergymen felt it appropriate to wear vestments as it symbolised how special they were. Catholic clergymen believed that they were able to perform miracles such as:
Turning the bread and wine in Mass into the body and blood of Christ
Forgiving sins in Confession
Wearing elaborate vestments posed an issue with Puritan clergymen
Some believed that priests should not wear any different clothing to their congregation
Others believed the vestments should be plain and simple
By 1565, Elizabeth became aware that Puritan clergymen were breaching the Act of Uniformity by:
Refusing to wear the pre-approved vestments
Performing Puritan versions of church services
To help, the Archbishop of Canterbury held an event in London. The exhibition intended to show and educate the Puritan bishops about the Church of England vestments
37 of 110 did not attend the event
Elizabeth fired those who refused to attend
The majority of priests attended and later conformed to Elizabeth’s instructions by wearing the vestments
This highlights that Elizabeth was unwilling to compromise on parts of the Religious Settlement she felt were important
What affected how Elizabeth responded to the Puritan threat?
Elizabeth needed supporters of the Protestant faith behind her to ensure her Religious Settlement was successful. This motivated her to make some compromises to win over most of the Puritan clergymen
Puritans were a minority within England. She knew that relenting to too many Puritan demands would make her vulnerable to Catholic attack
The threat from English Catholicism was much larger. Historians believe that most of Elizabeth’s subjects were Catholic in 1555
The South-East and London had the majority of England’s Puritan population
Within the Puritans, there were many different beliefs. This meant that the Puritans were not a united group
She calculated that the Puritans would not create a plot to overthrow her
The Puritans did not have an alternative monarch or the help of a foreign country to depose her. They preferred Elizabeth to Mary, Queen of Scots
The Catholics had the support of the Pope and other Catholic countries like Spain. Many English Catholics believed that Mary, Queen of Scots was the legitimate heir to the throne. As Catholics had an alternative monarch and foreign support, she needed to make more concessions to the Catholics than to the Puritans
Worked Example
Describe one feature of the Puritan challenge to the Religious Settlement
2 marks
Answers:
One feature of the Puritan challenge to the Religious Settlement was their issue with crucifixes (1). Puritan clergymen believed that crucifixes were idols and that worshipping them was a sin (1).
Examiner Tips and Tricks
This question previously asked students to describe two features of a given event. This question was out of four marks. However, as of 2025, Edexcel will split this question into two subsections, asking you to describe a feature of two different events. Each subsection is worth two marks.
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