Syllabus Edition

First teaching 2016

Last exams 2025

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The Norman Aristocracy (Edexcel GCSE History)

Revision Note

Zoe Wade

Written by: Zoe Wade

Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett

How did the Norman Aristocracy Compare to the Anglo-Saxons? - Summary

There were key differences in the lives of Norman aristocrats and the Anglo-Saxon nobility. One way the two cultures differed was how they demonstrated their wealth. Anglo-Saxon nobles brought expensive jewellery and clothes from foreign markets. Norman nobles shaved the back of their heads. Both types of aristocrats understood the importance of showing off their wealth. This is because they could afford to spend time on their appearance, unlike many people in the eleventh century.

Another difference is the importance that each culture placed on buildings. The Anglo-Saxon aristocrats had a lavish lifestyle in unimpressive homes. The Norman aristocrats had a simpler lifestyle in splendid buildings. Norman nobles invested their money into constructing impressive castles and cathedrals. Norman builders were experimental with their designs. Many of their buildings collapsed due to England's lack of quality masons. The Norman aristocrats could afford to rebuild their church buildings many times. This proved how wealthy they were.

Finally, Anglo-Saxon and Norman aristocrats differed in their approach to law and order. Anglo-Saxon society valued strong warriors. Anglo-Saxon nobles and kings would often kill their enemies to prove their dominance. Norman nobles under William the Conqueror would show mercy. William would usually imprison his enemies, demonstrating chivalry.

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Students often do not understand what aristocrats are. Aristocracy is a generic term for the upper classes. In Norman England under the feudal system, aristocrats were tenants-in-chiefs, archbishops, castellans and sheriffs. In the Anglo-Saxon and Norman England exam paper, a question could use the term 'aristocracy' instead of the 'upper classes'.

The Life of Norman Aristocracy

Flowchart depicting the influence of Norman aristocracy on English landholding, concept of chivalry, rebuilding cathedrals, and views on Christianity post-1066 Hastings.
A concept map showing how Norman aristocrats changed English culture

The Impact of the Normans on the English Language

  • William attempted to learn English

    • He had given up due to the other demands on his time

  • Many Norman aristocrats could not speak English

    • They relied on interpreters to translate into French

    • The children of Norman aristocrats could speak both French and English

  • Written English almost disappeared by the twelfth century

    • Peterborough, Worcester and Hereford were the only places that kept written English alive

    • William enforced the writing of legal and Church documents in Latin

      • Many Norman aristocrats could not read Latin. Norman aristocrats had clerks who read the king's writs to them

    • The ability to read was uncommon in Norman England

      • The Norman nobility listened and memorised information and literature

      • Fathers trained their sons to retain spoken detail by whipping them if they misremembered

Worked Example

Describe one feature of the Norman aristocracy

2 marks

Answer:

One feature of the Norman aristocracy was their language (1). Many Norman nobles could not speak English and relied on interpreters to translate to French (1)

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Ensure you make your details as specific as possible to access all two marks. The detail of this example includes the language that Normans spoke.

This question previously asked students to describe two features of a given event. This question was out of four marks. However, as of 2025, Edexcel will split this question into two subsections, asking you to describe a feature of two different events. Each subsection is worth two marks.

Who was Bishop Odo?

  • Odo of Bayeux was William's half-brother

    • They both had the same mother, Herleva

    • William made Odo the Bishop of Bayeux in 1049

  • Odo had a poor reputation

    • People in Normandy believed that Odo was greedy and immoral

  • Odo was a significant supporter of William's conquest of England

    • Odo supplied William with 100 ships

      • After William's victory at Hastings, Odo commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry

    • William rewarded Odo for his loyalty

      • He gave Odo the earldom of Kent

      • He became the second biggest landholder in England with 22 counties

    • William valued Odo's loyalty over his poor reputation

How did Bishop Odo Abuse his Power?

  • By 1082, Odo fell out of favour with William

    • As a result of his abuse of power, William imprisoned Odo

Flowchart detailing various ways Bishop Odo abused his power, including harrying the North, robbing churches, seizing land, and misusing knight service.
A concept map showing the ways that Bishop Odo abused his power
  • In 1087, William pardoned Odo 

    • Robert of Mortain, Odo's brother, convinced William to released Odo

    • William freed other prisoners like Morcar and Wulfnoth

    • William was dying

Bishop Odo's Rebellion & Downfall

  • After William's death, his favourite son, William Rufus, became the King of England. He was crowned as William II

  • Odo opposed the rule of William II

    • He believed that William's eldest son, Robert Curthose, should be king

  • Odo started a rebellion against William II in 1088

    • Odo's brother, Robert of Mortain, joined the revolt

    • Both brothers owned a significant area of Southern England and fortifications

  • Odo's rebellion triggered other uprisings across England

Rebellions resulting from Odo's rebellion

Location

Who started the rebellion?

Norwich

Roger Bigod

Leicester

Hugh de Grandmesnil, the sheriff of Leicester

Somerset and Wiltshire

Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland

Gloucestershire

William of Eu

The West of England

Roger de Montgomery and Roger de Lacy, Marcher earls

Map of subsequent rebellions

A historical map of England, highlighting small and medium rebellions in specific areas with symbols. Key locations include Durham, York, Lincoln, and Winchester.
A map showing the various uprisings across England that were caused by Bishop Odo's rebellion

Why did Odo's rebellion fail?

A lack of support from the Norman aristocracy

A lack of support from the English

William Rufus' tactics

Apart from William of Saint-Calais, the bishop of Durham, Odo did not have the support of the Church. Most other Norman aristocrats remained loyal to William II

Odo had treated the Anglo-Saxon population poorly. The English hated Odo and would not support an uprising that he had started

Odo and Robert of Mortain hid in Pevensey Castle. William II sieged the castle for six weeks, preventing Odo from receiving supplies. William captured his uncles but Odo escaped 

Worked Example

Describe one feature of Odo's rebellion in 1088

2 marks

Answer:

One feature of Odo's rebellion was the rejection of William II (1). After William's death, Odo believed that William's oldest son, Robert Cuthose, should be King of England instead of William Rufus (1).

Examiner Tips and Tricks

An exam question based on this section could ask you to explain why Odo's rebellion failed in 1088. There are multiple reasons, as shown above. However, the key arguments are:

  • The lack of support from the Church of England

  • The reputation of Bishop Odo

  • William Rufus' actions

This is a 12-mark question. Ensure you write three paragraphs that:

  • P - Make a point about the question

  • E - Use evidence that supports the point that you have made

  • E - Explain why this evidence caused Odo's rebellion to fail. Avoid repeating the point again. Explain how this factor meant that Odo's rebellion would never be successful or was able to be stopped

  • L - Link your explanation back to the question by stating how significant this factor was to the failure of Odo's rebellion

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Zoe Wade

Author: Zoe Wade

Expertise: History

Zoe has worked in education for 10 years as a teaching assistant and a teacher. This has given her an in-depth perspective on how to support all learners to achieve to the best of their ability. She has been the Lead of Key Stage 4 History, showing her expertise in the Edexcel GCSE syllabus and how best to revise. Ever since she was a child, Zoe has been passionate about history. She believes now, more than ever, the study of history is vital to explaining the ever-changing world around us. Zoe’s focus is to create accessible content that breaks down key historical concepts and themes to achieve GCSE success.

Bridgette Barrett

Author: Bridgette Barrett

Expertise: Geography Lead

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 25 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.