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Define castellan in Norman England.
A castellan is the governor of a castle and its surrounding lands. Castellans were local lords but accountable to a tenant-in-chief.
Why did William expect Edwin and Morcar to establish castleries in their earldoms?
William expected Edwin and Morcar to establish castleries because these were areas that had to provide equipment and soldiers to a castle. The lord of the castle, or the castellan, governed the castleries, not the earl.
True or False?
William reduced Edwin and Morcar's power in Northumbria.
True.
William reduced Morcar's power in Northumbria, which caused resentment and contributed to the revolt.
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Define castellan in Norman England.
A castellan is the governor of a castle and its surrounding lands. Castellans were local lords but accountable to a tenant-in-chief.
Why did William expect Edwin and Morcar to establish castleries in their earldoms?
William expected Edwin and Morcar to establish castleries because these were areas that had to provide equipment and soldiers to a castle. The lord of the castle, or the castellan, governed the castleries, not the earl.
True or False?
William reduced Edwin and Morcar's power in Northumbria.
True.
William reduced Morcar's power in Northumbria, which caused resentment and contributed to the revolt.
Why did Edwin and Morcar dislike the geld tax in Norman England?
Edwin and Morcar disliked the geld tax in Norman England because they knew it would only benefit Normandy, not England. Many Anglo- Saxons disliked the geld tax.
Did William allow Edwin to marry his daughter?
No.
William did not allow Edwin to marry his daughter despite promising him that he could.
Name the other rebels who revolted with Edwin and Morcar in 1068.
Maerleswein, Waltheof, Gospatric, Edgar Aethling and Bleddyn Lord of Powys joined Edwin and Morcar in their revolt in 1068.
Why did Edwin and Morcar surrender to William's forces in 1068?
Edwin and Morcar surrendered to William's forces in 1068 because William's forces took control of Warwick. Warwick was a key city in Edwin's earldom of Mercia and Nottingham.
What happened to Edgar Aethling after the Edwin and Morcar Revolt in 1068?
After the Edwin and Morcar revolt of 1068 Edgar Aethling escaped to Scotland and caused an uprising in 1069.
True or False?
William killed both Edwin and Morcar after the revolt in 1068.
False.
William did not kill Edwin and Morcar after the revolt in 1068. They were pardoned and William forced them to stay in his court. Both Edwin and Morcar escaped William's court in 1071.
True or False?
William removed Gospatric from his position in Northumbria.
True.
William removed Gospatric from his position in Northumbria. William replaced Gospatric with one of his supporters named Robert Cumin
In January 1069, what did Cumin do?
In January 1069 Cumin marched an army to the North. As he went north he attacked towns and villages including Durham.
How did Northumbrians respond to Cumin's attacks in 1069?
Northumbrians responded to Cumin's attacks by capturing his troops and murdering them in the streets. Rebels set fire to the house that Cumin had taken refuge in and killed him.
Why did William order FitzOsbern to construct and become the castellan of a castle in York?
William ordered FitzOsbern to construct and become the castellan of a castle in York because Edgar the Aethling joined rebels in York and attacked the Norman sheriff of York.
Name two ways William responded to the Uprising in York in 1069.
William responded to the Uprising in York in 1069 by:
Sending a large army to York
Ordering FitzOsbern to build a castle in York
When did King Sweyn of Denmark invade England?
King Sweyn of Denmark decided to invade England in the summer of 1069.
Did King Sweyn invade England in 1069 because he believed William was vulnerable?
Yes.
King Sweyn invaded England in 1069 because he believed William was vulnerable. King Sweyn believed William was vulnerable due to the recent rebellions and thought an invasion would have a greater chance of succeeding.
True or False?
King Sweyn invaded England in 1069 to increase the wealth of Edgar Aethling.
False.
King Sweyn invaded England in 1069 to increase the wealth and power of Demark.
Define Danelaw in Norman England.
The area of eastern and northern Anglo-Saxon England, including York, East Anglia, and the Midlands in which Danish law and custom were observed.
Why was the meeting of Danes and Edgar Aethling important in 1069?
The meeting of Danes and Edgar Aethling in 1069 was important because:
The Danes and Edgar joined forces
Edgar became a powerful threat
Did the Normans win the battle at York in 1069?
No.
The Normans lost the battle at York in 1069. Around 3,000 soldiers died and the Danish army destroyed the Norman castle in York.
Where did the Danes and Anglo- Saxons go to after the battle in York in 1069?
After the battle in York in 1069, the Danes went to Lincolnshire, and the Anglo- Saxons scattered across England. Some Anglo- Saxons attacked Devon and the Marcher earldoms of Shrewsbury and Chester.
True or False?
William was more afraid of the Danish treat in 1069 than Edgar Aethling.
True.
William was more afraid of the Danish treat in 1069 than Edgar Aethling. King Sweyn could gain the support of the Danelaw and a large proportion of the population was Anglo- Danish.
How did William resolve the Northern Rebellions in 1069?
William resolved the Northern Rebellions in 1069 by paying King Sweyn a large amount of money to leave England and carried out the Harrying of the North on northern England.
Define harrying in Norman England.
Harrying is an old term meaning to lay waste and completely destroy something. William carried out the Harrying of the North in 1069 - 1070.
Why did William seek revenge against the North for the Northern Rebellions in 1069?
William wanted revenge for the Northern Rebellions in 1069 because Robert Cumin was murdered and William wanted to capture the rebels who fled.
True or False?
The threat from Denmark caused William to carry out the Harrying of the North.
True.
The threat from Denmark caused William to carry out the Harrying of the North. William thought the North would prefer a Danish king and William knew the Danes could destroy everything William had created by invading England.
What did William's soldiers do to the North during the Harrying of the North?
During the Harrying of the North William's soldiers:
Killed men, women, and children
Burnt buildings and crops
Destroyed livestock and agricultural tools
How many people died in the North during the winter of 1069-1070?
Between 100,000 and 150,000 people in the North died over the winter of 1069-1070.
After the Harrying of the North were there any more rebellions in the North of England during Williams's reign?
No.
After the Harrying of the North, there were no more rebellions in the North of England during Williams's reign. Malcolm III of Scotland attacked in 1071, but gained no support from Northumbria.
In the Domesday Book, how much of Yorkshire was considered wasteland from 1066 to 1086?
The Domesday Book considered 60% of Yorkshire as wasteland from 1066 to 1086.
How did the Pope react to the Harrying of the North?
The Pope condemned William for the Harrying of the North. William devoted time and money to the Church to earn forgiveness for his actions.
True or False?
William continued to trust Anglo- Saxon earls after the Harrying of the North.
False.
William did not trust Anglo- Saxon earls after the Harrying of the North. He used the Harrying of the North to replace Anglo-Saxon earls with Normans.
How much had the population decreased between 1066 and 1086 in the North of England?
The population decreased between 80,000 and 150,000 from 1066 to 1089.
True or False?
The region of East Anglia known as the Fens is ideal for defence.
True.
The region of East Anglia known as the Fens is ideal for defence. It has marshlands with islands, including the Isle of Ely, that are challenging to navigate.
Who was Hereward the Wake in Norman England?
Hereward the Wake was a key rebel against William. He was a local thegn in Ely and collaborated with King Sweyn.
Why was Hereward the Wake exiled by Edward the Confessor?
Hereward the Wake was exiled by Edward the Confessor for disruptive behaviour. In exile, he became a mercenary for the region of Flanders and returned to England in 1069.
Give two reasons why Hereward the Ward rebelled against William the Conqueror.
Hereward the Ward rebelled against William the Conqueror because a Norman Lord claimed his family's land while in exile and William replaced the Archbishop of Peterborough with a Norman.
Define guerrilla warfare in Norman England.
Guerrilla warfare is an unconventional way of fighting a battle. Small groups of rebel soldiers including citizens and children use ambushes, booby traps or hit-and-run tactics to fight against a much stronger military force
When did King Sweyn send a Danish fleet to England?
King Sweyn sent a Danish fleet to England in 1070, the fleet established a base in Ely.
How did Hereward the Wake use guerrilla warfare on Norman troops?
Hereward the Wake used guerrilla warfare on Norman troops by attacking the Normans by surprise and then merged back into the local population.
What happened when Hereward and the Danes attacked Peterborough in 1070?
In 1070, when Hereward and the Danes raided Peterborough Abbey the Danes took the treasure and sailed back to Denmark.
Give two ways William responded to guerrilla warfare.
William responded to guerrilla warfare by:
Raising an army quickly
Building castles
True or False?
During the Rebellion of Ely William's troops built a mile long bridge over the marshland to reach the Isle of Ely.
True.
During the Rebellion of Ely, William's troops built a mile-long bridge over the marshland to reach the Isle of Ely. When William's troops used the bridge, it collapsed and many soldiers drowned.
How did the Norman soldiers get to the Isle of Ely during the Rebellion of Ely?
Norman soldiers got to the Isle of Ely during the Rebellion of Ely as they bribed local monks to direct them safely through the marshland.
How did William defeat Anglo- Saxon rebellions throughout his reign?
William defeated Anglo- Saxon rebellions throughout his reign by keeping his troops loyal, eliminating threats to his power as king, and punishing his enemies.
Name the three earls who revolted against William the Conqueror in 1075.
The three earls who revolted against William the Conqueror in 1075 were:
Ralph de Gael (East Anglia)
Roger de Breteuil (Hereford)
Waltheof (Northumbria)
True or False?
Ralph de Gael revolted against William in 1075 because he was angry that he had less power and wealth than his father.
True.
Ralph de Gael revolted against William in 1075 because he was angry that he had less power and wealth than his father.
Why did Roger de Breteuil rebel against William the Conqueror in 1075?
Roger de Breteuil rebelled against William the Conqueror in 1075 because William reduced the size of his earldom and Roger was angry with how the Marcher earldoms were run.
Did Roger de Breteuil tell Waltheof of his plan to rebel at a wedding?
Yes.
Roger de Breteuil told Waltheof of his plan to rebel at Ralph de Gael's wedding to Rodger's sister Emma.
Who contacted King Sweyn about the earls plan to revolt against William the Conqueror in 1075?
Waltheof told King Sweyn about the earl's plan to revolt against William the Conqueror in 1075. Waltheof asked Sweyn to provide the revolt with a Danish fleet.
When did the earls launch the Revolt of the Earls?
The earls launched the Revolt of the Earls in 1075 when William left England for Normandy, Archbishop Lanfranc was governing England.
Define excommunication.
Excommunication is when the Pope officially declares that someone or a group of people are no longer allowed to be a member of the Church.
How did Lanfranc use the Church to respond to the Revolt of the Earls?
Lanfranc used the Church to respond to the Revolt of the Earls by using Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester and the abbot of Evesham to trap Roger in Herefordshire. He excommunicated Roger, limiting his power with the Norman aristocracy.
True or False?
The late arrival of the Danish fleet in the Revolt of the Earls failed the revolt.
True.
The late arrival of the Danish fleet in the Revolt of the Earls failed the revolt. The Danish fleet arrived once William had returned, they did not want to fight William so they raised the East Coast and returned to Denmark.
After the failure of the Revolt of the Earls in 1075, did William capture Roger de Breteuil?
Yes.
After the Revolt of the Earls in 1075 failed, William captured Roger de Breteuil and imprisoned him for the rest of his life.
What happened to Ralph de Gael after the Revolt of the Earls failed in 1075?
After the Revolt of the Earls failed in 1075 Ralph de Gael escaped to Brittany. William traveled to Normandy and unsuccessfully attacked Ralph's castle and was forced to retreat.
True or False?
None of the earls involved in the Revolt of the Earls were executed.
False.
Waltheof fled England, and William promised to forgive Waltheof if he submitted to him. Waltheof returned to England and William imprisoned him. Waltheof was executed in May 1076.