Changes in a City (Edexcel GCSE Geography B)
Revision Note
Written by: Bridgette Barrett
Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn
Migration
London has been affected by migration in a number of ways
Internal migration people moving in and out of London to/from other areas of the UK
International migration of people moving in and out of London to/from other countries
Over 43% of all international migrants go to London
Significant levels of migration mean that London is one of the most diverse cities in the world
Over 300 languages are spoken
Of the population of London 46% of people are black or minority ethnic
High levels of international migration means 41% of people living in London were not born in the UK
Overall net migration in London means that in 2018-2020 34,000 more people migrated from London than to London
The cause of overall decline in population is due to domestic (internal) migration with people moving to other areas of the UK
Internal migration
People moving into London tend to be in their 20s
Attracted by jobs, entertainment and services
Most people moving internally are moving out of London
International migration
The amount of international migration to London has remained steady since 2010 at about 200,000 people a year
Recent migrants tend to live in cheaper, rented accommodation
Clusters of minority ethnic groups sometimes develop as people seek out others who:
Speak the same language
Have the same culture, traditions and/or religion
Are family or friends
These areas often have:
Shops and restaurants providing food from the migrants country of origin
Festivals and places of worship which reflect the culture or religion of the migrants country of origin
The Notting Hill carnival
St Andrew Bobola Church, Hammersmith which serves the Polish community
Inequality
There are inequalities across London in terms of:
Health
Employment
Services
Education
Housing
The wealthiest and poorest people in the UK live in London
Brent - population
Most people in Brent are of working age with the largest age groups from 25-34 years
Brent is one of the most diverse boroughs in London
The majority of the Asian population are Indian (17.3%)
The majority of the Black population are Black African (8.1%)
Over 50% of the population were born outside the UK
Housing
Most people live in rented accommodation
Private renting (36%)
Social housing rented (23.5%)
Owner occupied (38.4%)
Culture
There are many places of worship in Brent including orthodox churches, mosques, synagogues and temples
Shops, food stores and restaurants reflect the Asian and Black population
Income
In 2020 36% of people in Brent were in households classed as living in poverty
The child poverty rate in 2020 was 39%
In 2021 almost 30% of residents were earning below the Living Wage
The unemployment rate in 2022 was 8.2%
There were almost 16% of people on out of work benefits
Education
Lower levels of educational attainment
75.4% of pupils achieved grade 9-4 (maths and English)
Number of 19 year olds without level 3 qualifications (A Level, Level 3 NVQ) - 26.9%
Proportion with no qualifications 7.6%
Health
Life expectancy is 82.71 years
Infant mortality is 4 per 1000
Premature deaths 315 per 1000
Almost 80% of people are in good or very good health
Richmond Upon Thames - Population
Richmond upon Thames has an ageing population
The largest age groups are 40-55 years
Richmond upon Thames is one of the least diverse boroughs of London
Over 67% of the population were born in the UK
The majority of the Asian population are Indian (3.8%) or Pakistani (2.8%)
The majority of the Black population are Black African (2.6%)
Housing
Most housing in Richmond upon Thames is owner occupied (62%)
Renting accounts for 37% of the housing
Private renting (25%)
Social housing rented (12%)
Culture
Mainly white middle class
A range of churches, few temples, synagogues or mosques
Income
In 2021 19% of people were in households classed as living in poverty
The child poverty rate in 2021 was 16%
In 2021 almost 11% of residents were earning below the Living Wage
The unemployment rate in 2022 was 4.4%
There were almost 7% of people on out of work benefits
Education
High levels of educational attainment
83.8% of pupils achieved grade 9-4 (maths and English)
Number of 19 year olds without level 3 qualifications (A Level, Level 3 NVQ) - 28.8%
Proportion of people with no qualifications - 2.8%
Health
Life expectancy is 84.3 years
Infant mortality is 2.6 per 1000
Premature deaths 236 per 1000
Almost 90% of people are in good or very good health
Impact of inequalities
Brent has higher levels of ill health than Richmond upon Thames
Poor health can impact on people's ability to work which affects income
Levels of educational attainment are lower in Brent than Richmond upon Thames
May restrict people to lower paid jobs
This affects income, housing quality, diet
Worked Example
Study figure 6a which shows variation in GCSE scores in the London Boroughs and Figure 6b which shows both scores and variations in child poverty
Explain one reason why child poverty varies between different parts of the city
(2 marks)
Answer
Some parts of the city badly affected by deindustrialisation (1) so fewer jobs thus low household income (1)
Some areas have a lack of available jobs (1) so high unemployment thus low household income (1)
Some parts of the city dominated by social/council/municipal housing (1) which is relatively cheaper thus more households in poverty (1)
Some parts of the city have large migrant communities (1) who have obstacles in accessing higher paid jobs e.g. poor language skills thus more households in poverty (1)
All of these have possible opposites as in - some parts dominated by high cost housing (1) which suggests high income households so low poverty rates (1)
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