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What is the definition of a glacial period?
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What is the definition of a glacial period?
A glacial period is a colder period where glaciers and ice sheets expand.
What is the definition of interglacial period?
An interglacial period is a warmer period between glacial periods when glaciers and ice sheets retreat.
True or False?
There have been approximately 10 glacial cycles in the last one million years.
True.
There have been approximately 10 glacial cycles in the last one million years.
True or False?
The UK's last ice age peaked 20,000 years ago and ended about 11,500 years ago during the Pleistocene epoch.
True.
The UK's last ice age peaked 20,000 years ago and ended about 11,500 years ago during the Pleistocene epoch.
What percentage of the world's land was covered in ice during the last ice age?
At the peak of the last ice age, 30% of the world's land was covered in ice.
Define the term ablation.
Ablation is the process of removing or losing ice from a glacier through melting, evaporation, or calving.
True or False?
After the ice age, temperatures increased, leading to greater ablation than accumulation, causing glaciers to retreat.
True.
After the ice age, temperatures increased, leading to greater ablation than accumulation, causing glaciers to retreat.
What is the definition of a glacier?
A glacier is a large, slow-moving river of ice.
What is the definition of plucking?
Plucking occurs as a glacier moves through a valley. Pressure is exerted on the sides and bottom of the valley. This generates friction and heat, causing the edges of the glacier to melt a bit. The meltwater then freezes around rocks and stones under the glacier. As the glacier moves forward, it 'plucks' this ice, pulling the rock away.
Define the term glacial budget?
The glacial budget is the difference between accumulation and ablation.
What is basal sliding?
Basal sliding occurs when friction between the glacier and the surface causes a thin layer of ice at the base to melt. This thin layer of meltwater acts as a lubricant to help move the glacier downhill.
What is the front of a glacier called?
The front of a glacier is called the snout.
What is the difference between glacial till and fluvioglacial till?
Glacial till is deposited directly by the moving glacier, whereas fluvioglacial till is deposited by the streams flowing from a melting glacier.
Define the term glacial till.
Glacial till is any material carried or moved by the glacier.
True or False?
Freeze-thaw weathering is a process that occurs rapidly.
False.
Freeze-thaw weathering is a repeated process that occurs over a long period of time and eventually breaks the rock apart.
What is mass movement?
Mass movement is the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity.
What are the types of mass movement?
The types of mass movement include rockfalls and soil movement.
What is the definition of a rockfall?
A rockfall is the fast movement of rocks from the steep glaciated slopes to the valley floor.
Under what conditions does soil movement occur?
Soil movement occurs when:
Soil particles are saturated
The soil structure is weakened by frost action
The ground below (often still frozen) acts as a slip plane
What is the definition of a slide in mass movement?
A slide is a movement of material 'en masse', which remains together, until hitting the bottom of a slope.
What type of climate does the UK have?
The UK has a temperate climate.
What are the characteristics of a temperate climate?
A temperate climate means there are warm summers and cold, wet winters.
True or False?
Colder winters lead to temperatures below 0°C, particularly in upland areas, increasing freeze-thaw weathering.
True.
Colder winters lead to temperatures below 0°C, particularly in upland areas, increasing freeze-thaw weathering.
What is the impact of freeze-thaw weathering in colder winters?
Freeze-thaw weathering in colder winters leads to rockfalls and slides.
What is the impact of high rainfall levels in upland areas?
High rainfall levels, particularly in autumn and winter in upland areas, lead to an increase in landslides and soil movement.
What is diurnal variation?
Diurnal variation refers to the daily cycle of changes in temperature and other environmental conditions.
What is a pyramidal peak?
A pyramidal peak is a three-sided, pointed mountain peak formed when three or more back-to-back glaciers carve away at the top of a mountain, creating a sharply pointed mountain summit.
What is an arête?
An arête is a narrow, steep-sided ridge formed when two glaciers flow back-to-back, eroding either side of the ridge and making it narrower with a jagged profile.
What is the name of the landform created when an interlocking spur from past river action has been cut off?
A truncated spur is an interlocking spur edge from past river action that has been cut off, forming a cliff-like edge on the valley side in an inverted 'V' shape, found between hanging valleys.
What is a ribbon lake?
A ribbon lake is a long, thin lake formed when a glacier carves a deeper trough over softer rock, and water collects in these deeper areas after the glacier melts.
What is a roche moutonnée?
A roche moutonnée is a resistant, bare mass of rock on the valley floor that has been sculpted by flowing ice, with a smoothed upstream side (stoss) due to abrasion and a jagged, plucked downstream side (lee).
True or False?
Corries are formed on south-facing slopes.
False.
Corries are formed in hollows where snow can accumulate, usually on a north-facing slope.
What is a drumlin?
A drumlin is an elongated, egg-shaped hill made of glacial till, formed beneath the glacier when it meets an obstruction, resulting in the deposition of ground moraine that is then shaped by the moving ice.
What are the shape and features of a drumlin?
A drumlin has a round, blunt, and steep front (stoss) end, and a gently sloped, elongated, tapered tail (lee slope) in the direction of ice flow.
What is a crag and tail?
A crag and tail is a landform formed when a 'crag', a large section of hard, resistant bedrock, protects a section of softer, unconsolidated material, the 'tail', from glacial erosion.
Give an example of a crag and tail landform.
An example of a crag and tail landform is Castle Rock (crag) and Royal Mile in Edinburgh (tail).
True or False?
Drumlins are always found in groups.
False.
Drumlins can be found individually or in swarms/baskets of eggs.
What are three challenges for human activity in upland glaciated areas?
Upland glaciated areas present challenges such as:
Low temperatures
Heavy rainfall
Steep slopes
Thin, infertile soils
What are the most common economic uses in upland glaciated areas?
The most common economic uses in upland glaciated areas are:
Forestry
Farming
Small settlements
What type of forests are planted in upland areas?
Evergreen (coniferous) forests are planted in upland areas.
What are the benefits of planting new forests in upland areas?
New forests can help reduce soil erosion and offset the impact of deforestation elsewhere. They also provide job opportunities and boost the local economy through timber production.
What is the impact of forestry on habitats and biodiversity?
Felling trees removes habitats for animals and plants, and coniferous forests do not support high biodiversity and limit species numbers, making them less attractive to visitors.
What is the most common farming activity in upland areas?
Due to the steep slopes and poor soils, sheep farming is the most common activity in upland areas.
What is the impact of farming on the environment in upland areas?
Farming harms the environment when clearing trees and vegetation to provide grazing, and overgrazing can lead to soil erosion, and water pollution and may reduce biodiversity.
What is the population density in upland glaciated areas like the Lake District?
Population density is low in upland glaciated areas, with the Lake District having a population density of 17 people per km².
What is the impact of tourism on housing in upland areas like the Lake District?
Tourism has led to an increase in second homes and holiday cottages, with areas like Keswick and Borrowdale having over a third of homes being holiday lets or second homes, leading to few residents in winter and inundation with tourists in summer.
Define the term economically viable.
Economically viable means capable of making or sustaining a profit or having a good chance of succeeding financially.
True or False?
Coniferous forests support high biodiversity.
False.
Coniferous forests do not support high biodiversity and limit species numbers.
What is the definition of a relict landscape?
A relict landscape is a landscape that has been shaped by processes that are no longer active, such as glaciation.
True or False?
Managing a relict landscape involves preserving and protecting its features.
True.
Managing a relict landscape involves preserving and protecting its features that were formed by past processes like glaciation.
Define the term conservation.
Conservation is the protection and preservation of natural resources and environments.
What is the role of national parks in managing relict glaciated landscapes?
National parks play a crucial role in managing relict glaciated landscapes by implementing conservation strategies and policies to protect these areas.
What is the definition of sustainable tourism?
Sustainable tourism is tourism that is developed and maintained in a manner that minimises negative impacts on the environment, while still providing economic and social benefits.
True or False?
Relict glaciated landscapes are not suitable for tourism activities.
False.
Relict glaciated landscapes are valuable for tourism activities, but these activities need to be managed sustainably to preserve their unique features.
What are the main types of development in upland glaciated landscapes?
The types of development in upland glaciated landscapes include:
Water storage and supply
Renewable energy
Recreation and tourism
Conservation
What are the advantages of recreation and tourism developments in upland glaciated areas?
The advantages of recreation and tourism development in upland glaciated landscapes are that it increases jobs and puts money into the local economy.
What is a disadvantage of conservation development?
A disadvantage of conservation development is that limited funds may mean that conservation projects take a long time to complete or that they are expensive to maintain.
True or False?
Conservation development has no economic impact on local communities.
False.
Conservation development can have economic impacts, such as providing grants and subsidies to farmers for conservation efforts, and supporting local services through tourism.
True or False?
The Lake District was covered in ice over 20,000 years ago.
True. The Lake District was covered in ice over 20,000 years ago.
What are the Skiddaw Group and the Windermere Group?
The Skiddaw Group and the Windermere Group are sedimentary rocks found in the Lake District.
What is the area of the Lake District in km2?
The area of the Lake District is 2,362 km2.
What is the population density of the Lake District?
The population density of the Lake District is 18 people per km2.
True or False?
Both human and physical factors have been influential in changing the landscape of the Lake District.
True.
Both human and physical factors have been influential in changing the landscape of the Lake District.
What is the average annual rainfall in the Lake District?
The average annual rainfall in the Lake District is over 2000mm.
True or False?
Most settlements are located in the valleys of the Lake District.
True.
Most settlements are located in the valleys of the Lake District.
What is the economic impact of tourism in the Lake District?
Tourist activities bring over £2.1 billion to the economy of the Lake District.
What human activities have impacted the Lake District?
Quarrying and mining for lead, copper, slate and limestone have impacted the Lake District.
What condition was imposed for granting UNESCO status to the Lake District?
Downsizing of quarrying was a condition of being granted the UNESCO World Heritage Status.
How many wind turbine sites are there in Cumbria?
There are over 15 wind turbine sites in Cumbria.
What are the concerns regarding wind turbines?
There are concerns regarding the visual impact of wind turbines on the landscape.
True or False?
Wind turbines are allowed inside the Lake District National Park.
False.
Wind turbines are allowed in Cumbria but are restricted to areas outside the Lake District National Park.
What are three ways in which tourist activities affect the Lake District landscape?
Tourist activities affect the landscape in a range of ways
Soil erosion
Air, land and water pollution
Ecosystems are impacted by pollution
Erosion of the lake banks
Building of tourist facilities