Maps (AQA GCSE Geography)

Revision Note

Bridgette Barrett

Written by: Bridgette Barrett

Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn

Maps

  • Questions in the exam will be based on topographical maps 

    • The maps can be from anywhere in the world

    • Maps will have a key, scale, northings and eastings

    • These all need to be used to answer the questions

Grid references

  • 4-figure are used to locate specific grid squares within the map

    • The first two figures are the eastings which indicate how far east or west a grid is across the map

    • The second two figures are the northings which indicate how far north or south a grid is on the map

  • 6-figure grid references are used to locate exact points within grid squares

    • The first three figures are the eastings 

    • The second three figures are the northings

  • To find a 4 and 6 figure grid reference

    • First, find the four-figure grid reference by giving the number from the bottom of the map first and then the number from the side of the map. 

Graph with points (16,50), (17,50), (17,51), and (17,52) marking the corners of two squares. The upper right square is shaded, and coordinates (17,51) are highlighted.

4 - figure grid reference

  • In image above the 4-figure grid reference would be 17, 51

  • To give the 6-figure grid reference you need to image that the grid square is divided into 100 smaller squares 

A coordinate graph with a highlighted point at (17, 51) labeled 175,512, showing intersecting red lines pointing to the upper right quadrant.

Examiner Tip

The paper 2 exam will always contain a map. You will be expected to be able to give and use grid references to locate specific places on the map extract.

Scale 

  • Maps in the exam will either be scale 1:25,000 where 1cm on the map = 25,000cm (250m) in real life or 1:50,000 where 1cm =50,000cm (500m) in real life

  • When the distance is straight or almost straight it can either be measured using a ruler or the edge of a straight piece of paper.

  • Using the scale at the bottom of the map mark distances are marked on a piece of paper.

  • This can then be laid from the first point to the second point to calculate the distance.

Topographic map showing elevation zones from 1000 to 4000 meters along marked path N86, crossing through Fme de Missoule and Her de Lembree, with contours and roads.

Using scale to measure a straight line

  • A distance along a curved route can be divided, the paper rotated and marked in stages to calculate the full distance

  • To measure from A to B following the road on the map below the route can be divided into a series of straight sections using crosses.

  • The plain piece of paper can then be used to measure from A to the first cross. It should then be rotated, pivoting at the cross to mark the second cross. 

A topographic map shows contour lines, roads, rivers, and landmarks like Croix de Berger, Belvedere de Coisse, Filot, and Pont de Pierrieux.

Measuring a Curved Route

Bearings

  • Directions on a map should always be given using compass points

  • There are 16 compass points 

A 16-point compass rose showing cardinal, ordinal, and secondary intercardinal directions including N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, and NNW.

Sixteen Compass Points

  • A grid bearing is measured from grid north at 0o, East is 90o, South is 180 and West is 270o

  • Grid bearings are given using a protractor

    • The 0o should be pointing north and the centre of the protractor on the place the bearing is been given from

    • The compass direction and grid bearing from the crossroads at A to the location at B

Diagram showing a contoured peak with side and top views. Elevation ranges from 500 to 4,000 feet, marked by lines and labels in feet on the right.
  • On the map below B is South West of A 

  • The bearing is 280o

Height

  • Height can be shown in three main ways;

    • Spot height

    • Contour lines

    • Trigonometrical stations

  • Spot heights show the height at a specific point with the height measurement written next to it

  • Contour lines are isolines. They join points of equal height and are usually at 5 or 10 meter intervals (distance between the contour line)

    • This means that the height of the land increases by 5 or 10 meters between the lines

  • Trigonometrical station is marked by a small black triangle with a height measurement written next to it

Topography 

  • The contour lines can also indicate the shape and slope of the land or topography

  • Contour lines close together indicate steep land

  • Contour lines very far apart indicate gently sloping or flat land dependent on the distance apart

  • V-shaped valleys have a v-shaped set of contours 

  • A hill is shown by a set of circular contour lines

contour-lines-

Contour lines 

Cross-sections

  • A cross-section is a slice through the landscape

  • They are represented on a map by a line which is often labelled A at one end and B at the other

  • They use the contour lines to determine the height of the land

Topographical map showing Motta S. Anastasia and surrounding areas with elevation lines, roads, waterways, and labels for locations like Poggio S. Lucia, C. Bonanno, and Cannicciolo.

Cross-section on a map

  • A piece of paper is then laid along the line and points A and B are marked on

  • The contour lines are then marked on each time they cross the paper

Topographic map section showing contour lines and elevation numbers, depicting the areas of Poggio S. Lucia, Cannicciola, and Porta dei Sieli near river and road intersections.

Marking on the contour lines

  • These figures can then be used to create the cross-section 

Line graph showing height in metres on y-axis (0 to 300) and distance on x-axis (940520 to 000520). The line fluctuates, peaking near the middle.

Examiner Tip

In the exam you may be asked to finish a cross-section or interpret a cross-section. When interpreting cross-sections you should include;

  • The highest and lowest points

  • Comparison of slopes 

  • Anamolies 

Key

  • Maps can be used to identify a range of landscape features

  • These may be physical and human features

  • Each map has a key to show what the symbols mean

Map key with symbols and descriptions for chimney, sawmill, ruins, natural monuments, campsite, lay-by, forests, castle, house, waterfall, dam, jetty, shoreline, depth, contour lines.

Example of a Map Key

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Bridgette Barrett

Author: Bridgette Barrett

Expertise: Geography Lead

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 25 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.

Jenna Quinn

Author: Jenna Quinn

Expertise: Head of New Subjects

Jenna studied at Cardiff University before training to become a science teacher at the University of Bath specialising in Biology (although she loves teaching all three sciences at GCSE level!). Teaching is her passion, and with 10 years experience teaching across a wide range of specifications – from GCSE and A Level Biology in the UK to IGCSE and IB Biology internationally – she knows what is required to pass those Biology exams.