Management of Tropical Rainforests (AQA GCSE Geography)
Revision Note
Written by: Bridgette Barrett
Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn
Value of Rainforests
All ecosystems provide goods and services
There are resources and opportunities provided by the rainforest both in its natural state and once it is cleared of rainforest
Goods
Goods are tangible products which can be taken from the ecosystem
Goods include:
Building materials
Existing food crops
Wild meat and fish
Water
Medicines
Energy
Services
The services provided by ecosystems are essential for life to survive
They include:
Nutrient recycling
Gas exchange
Water cycle
Climate regulation
Soil quality
Disease and pest control
Leisure and recreation
Cultural heritage
Gas exchange is of particular importance on a global as well as local level
Plants and trees absorb CO2 during photosynthesis and emitting oxygen
The rainforest is often referred to as the lungs of the world
The tropical rainforest is one of the largest global carbon sinks
Value to people
Indigenous communities such as the Awá in Brazil depend on the rainforest for food, materials, fuel and medicines
Resources such as gold, iron ore and other valuable minerals
Many of the products we eat and use today have their origins in the tropical rainforest including:
Sugar
Nuts
Rubber
Perfumes
Bananas
Many of the modern medicines that we rely upon have come from rainforest plants including 25% of the ingredients used in cancer treatment drugs
Hydroelectric power (HEP) is common due to the amount of available water
There are many employment opportunities:
Agriculture
Logging
Tourism
Mining
Construction
Value to the environment
The tropical rainforest is an important source of freshwater - about 20% of the world's freshwater
Over 50% of the world's plants and animals are found in the tropical rainforests
As a carbon sink the rainforests are vital in controlling the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere so limiting global warming
The tree and plant roots help to hold the soil together and shelter the ground. This reduces soil erosion
Strategies to Manage Tropical Rainforests
Concerns about the rapid deforestation of tropical rainforests have led to a range of sustainable management strategies
Strategies can be on an international, national or local level
International strategies
UN Forum on Forests was established in 2000 and is committed to the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests
The UN Sustainable Development Goals include the sustainable management of forests
International treaties protect certain areas such as the Central Amazon Conservation Complex (CACC) which is a World Heritage Site. This means hunting, logging, fishing and access are limited
Trade restrictions on endangered species and timber have been imposed
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species
The International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA) promotes sustainable forest management and restricts the trade in rainforest hardwood timber
The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) approves wood from sustainable sources
Debt reduction - countries are relieved of some of the debt in return for protecting rainforests
Debt for nature swap. In 2010 the USA converted US$13.5 million of debt from Brazil into a fund to support the protection of the rainforest
International organisations such as Greenpeace and WWF monitor deforestation
National strategies
Brazil's forest code requires landowners to maintain a proportion of their land as forest. However, the amount they need to maintain was reduced from 80% to 50% in 2012
In 2004 the DETER satellite was launched. It:
Started by sending reports every two weeks to rangers
In 2011 began sending daily reports meaning that patrols could target areas of suspicious activity but it only detects areas over 250m2 so people clearing simply reduce the size of the area they clear
It was estimated in some areas this led to a 60% decrease in large scale deforestation
There are 68 National Parks in Brazil. These are protected areas where the aim is to conserve the ecosystem
A reforestation project which is part of the Amazonia Sustainable Landscapes Project. It aims to:
restore 30,000 hectares of land to the forest by 2023 and will involve planting 73 million trees.
The Amazon Region Protected Areas (APRA) resulted in a 68% increase in protected areas and indigenous territories from 2004 to 2012
Selective logging is where trees to be felled are selected, felled and removed causing the least possible damage to surrounding trees
Afforestation to plant new trees replacing those which have been felled
Local strategies
Agroforestry combines agriculture with forestry, which means some trees remain, which:
Decreases deforestation
Provides shade as well as increases infiltration and interception, which reduces soil erosion
Provides organic matter from the trees and adds nutrients to the soil
Increases biodiversity due to the variety of plants grown
Education of people involved in the exploitation and management of the rainforest
Small scale projects such as the Marajo Project which preserves almost 90,000 hectares of Amazon forest. It includes:
A tree nursery to grow saplings to be planted in areas which have been cleared
The new trees help to bind the soil reducing soil erosion and increasing infiltration
Agroforestry is encouraged reducing the need to over cultivate and clear areas. It includes:
A cooperative to support 49 local producers growing açai berries
Building of natural fish tanks to improve food security
School-based agricultural education and scholarships
Ecotourism is becoming widespread. It includes:
A focus on the natural environment
Low impact on the environment - using materials from the local area and buildings to blend in with the environment
Supporting local communities - using locally grown food and employing local people
Education - to inform tourists about the local environment and wildlife
Gaining income which can be used for conservation
Ecotourism rewards the local community for maintaining the rainforest rather than for cutting it down
Worked Example
Study Figure 1, a photograph of part of an ecotourism scheme in the Amazon Rainforest, Brazil.
Using Figure 1, suggest how ecotourism can help in managing tropical rainforests sustainably.
[2 marks]
Your answer can be 2 separate points or 1 developed point. The answer must use information from the photograph. You will not gain credit if the answer is not inferred from the photograph.
Answer:
The ecotourism development appears to be small scale [1] making little impact on the rainforest [1]
Few trees are cut down/people stay in wooden lodges/resources for building are from the local area [1] this helps to protect natural habitats and endangered species [1]
People stay in the huts on holiday [1] the money they spend may be used for conservation [1] which helps to support the local economy [1]
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