Causes & Impacts of Deforestation (AQA GCSE Geography)
Revision Note
Written by: Bridgette Barrett
Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn
Causes & Impacts of Deforestation
There are six main human causes of deforestation
Wildfires are a natural cause of deforestation:
The frequency and severity of wildfires have increased this is linked to human induced climate change
Examiner Tip
It is important to remember that deforestation is often the result of a combination of factors which are linked together rather than any one cause. For example, the growth of settlements also leads to more land being cleared for agriculture to support the people in the settlements.
Impacts of deforestation
Many of the impacts of deforestation are environmental including:
Areas that have been deforested are planted with monoculture which reduces biodiversity
Interception and infiltration decrease which reduces evapotranspiration and as a result precipitation decreases
This also increases overland flow which leads to soil erosion and sedimentation of the rivers
Sediment builds up on riverbeds reducing their capacity and increasing the flood risk
Lack of interception increases the leaching of nutrients
Fewer trees increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere adding to the enhanced greenhouse effect
Soils become less fertile and drier
They may turn reddish brown due to increased iron oxide
Impact on the nutrient cycle
The majority of nutrients in the tropical rainforest are held in the biomass
When trees and vegetation are cleared by deforestation the main store of nutrients is removed
Social impacts of deforestation
Indigenous communities have less land to sustain their traditional way of life this means:
Land does not get the opportunity to recover
Less food available
Improved quality of life for some people due to increased income and jobs
Indigenous communities may give up their way of life leading to a loss of culture and traditions
Increased risk of landslides which can destroy homes and block roads
Loss of potential medicines
Increased risk of flooding settlements
Economic impacts of deforestation
More jobs available in mining, forestry, agriculture and HEP
Increased income for the country through the export of goods from the forest - minerals, timber, crops
Almost a quarter of Brazil's GDP comes from activities in the deforested areas of the Amazon
Worked Example
Give one effect of deforestation on the soils of the rainforest.
[1 mark]
Answer:
They become less fertile [1]
They become drier as they more exposed to the wind [1]
They are eroded/washed away (as tree roots no longer hold the soil in place) [1]
They lose their nutrients/ heavy rain leads to leaching [1]
They turn red/may have a reddish colour due to the presence of iron oxide [1]
Case Study: Malaysia
Malaysia is located in Southeast Asia
Almost 70% of the land is covered by tropical rainforest
Deforestation in Malaysia
It is estimated that Malaysia has the fastest rate of deforestation in the world
Since 2000 an average of over 140,000 hectares of forest has been felled and cleared each year
Causes
Logging
Malaysia is the largest exporter of tropical hardwoods
Although Malaysia has environmental protection policies there is still evidence of illegal logging in areas of Borneo
Selective logging is the dominant type of logging but this requires road construction and settlements which result in deforestation
Energy
The construction of dams to provide Hydroelectric power results in the flooding of large areas of forest
The Bakun Dam will result in 700 km2 of land being underwater in Sarawak, Malaysia
Mining
Tin mines are widespread and require deforestation for the mine itself but also for road construction
An iron ore mine planned for the Som Forest Reserve will result in the deforestation of over 60 hectares
There is also drilling for oil and gas
Commercial plantations
Malaysia exports over 30% of the world's palm oil and is the second largest producer
Many palm oil processes now adopting a zero-deforestation policy so that they do not buy palm oil from deforested areas. However, Clear felling permits are sometimes used in Malaysia to clear land and then sometime later another company will plant palm oil
Settlements
Up to 1980 people were encouraged to move to rural areas from the cities to try and reduce the pressure on urban areas
This led to the deforestation of approximately 15,000 hectares of rainforest
Subsistence farming
This can sometimes involve slash and burn where areas are cleared using fires - these can sometimes get out of control and destroy large areas of rainforest
Effects of deforestation
Soil erosion
Without the tree roots to bind the soil, the soil is more easily eroded by wind and rain
Exposed soil is more vulnerable to the leaching of nutrients and the soil becomes less fertile
Loss of biodiversity
Habitats are destroyed and the ecosystem is affected by deforestation so the variety of plants and animals decreases
Oil Palm plantations lead to a 35% reduction in species
Orangutans, pygmy elephants, Sumatran Rhino and Malayan tigers are all endangered
Local climate change
Reduced transpiration and evaporation lead to a decrease in precipitation and an increase in temperatures
Rainfall patterns become less reliable and more extreme
Global climate change
Felling of the trees leads to a decrease in the absorption of carbon dioxide
Increases carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere and as this is a greenhouse gas this increases human induced climate change
Use of fire for clearance also increases carbon dioxide emissions
Indigenous communities
Indigenous communities such as the Orang Asli and Temiar have been forced off the land
Pollination of fruits has reduced due to a decrease in pollinating insects and animals such as bats
This has reduced the available food sources
In Kuala Koh village in 2019 at least 15 indigenous Batek died after an outbreak of disease possibly transmitted by loggers working near the village
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