What is development?
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What is development?
Development is a process of change that raises standards of living and quality of life as the country improves.
What factors can slow, halt, or reverse development?
Factors that can slow, halt or reverse development are:
War/conflict.
Disease.
Disasters.
Economic recession.
What does the Human Development Index measure?
The Human Development Index measures a country's gross national income, life expectancy, and education levels to produce an indicator of development between 0-1.
What does the Gini Index measure?
The Gini Index measures income inequality on a scale from 0 to 1, with higher numbers indicating higher inequality.
Why is it better to use multiple indicators to measure development?
It is better to use multiple indicators to measure development because individual indicators alone can be misleading. Using multiple indicators produces a clearer picture.
What does the demographic transition model (DTM) illustrate?
The demographic transition model (DTM) illustrates the five generalised stages of population change that countries pass through as they develop.
What factors lead to the differences in development?
Factors that lead to the differences in development include:
Physical.
Economic.
Social.
Cultural.
Technological.
Historical.
How can conflict cause uneven development?
Conflict can cause uneven development as people are often fighting instead of working. The government spends money on weapons rather than developing a nation's infrastructure. Conflict can force migration, leaving behind an ageing or youthful population.
What are the effects of uneven development?
The effects of uneven development are:
Disparities in wealth and health.
Outward migration, either internally or internationally.
True or False?
International migration can be positive for countries?
True.
International migration can be positive for countries.
What strategies can be used to reduce the development gap?
Strategies used to reduce the development gap include:
Investment.
Industrial development.
Freetrade.
Tourism.
Aid.
Intermediate technology.
Fairtrade.
Debt relief.
Microfinance loans.
Give an example of an investment strategy used to reduce the development gap.
An example of an investment strategy used to reduce the development gap are Chinese companies investing in Africa (mainly energy, mining, construction and manufacturing).
What is free trade?
Free trade is a top-down approach where countries do not charge tariffs and quotas between themselves. This encourages trading free of taxes and charges and can be beneficial to LICs.
What is intermediate technology?
Intermediate technology is where suitable, appropriate and sustainable projects, equipment and ideas are used to fit the needs and wealth of a local community.
Give an example of where intermediate technology has been used as a strategy to reduce the development gap.
An example where intermediate technology has been used as a strategy to reduce the development gap is using micro-hydro for the remote villages of Nepal to provide electricity.
What is Fairtrade?
Fairtrade is an international movement that helps producers in poor countries get a fair deal by setting standards for trade.
Give an example of where Fairtrade has been used as a strategy to reduce the development gap.
An example of where Fairtrade has been used as a strategy to reduce the development gap is in Uganda, where over 90% of small coffee farmers have joined a cooperative. Coffee is milled before roasting, adding value to the coffee which increases the farmer's income.
What is debt relief?
Debt relief is where money that was lent to many LICs during the 1970s and 1980s was cancelled by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2006.
Why is Jamaica suited to tourism?
Jamaica is suited to tourism because of its warm climate, beaches and rich cultural heritage.
How has tourism helped to close the development gap in Jamaica?
Tourism has helped to close the development gap in the following ways:
Provides 34% of GDP, which is invested in infrastructure, schools, hospitals, etc.
Employs 300 000 people which boosts the local economy.
Define the term transnational corporation (TNC).
A transnational corporation (TNC) is a company that operates in a foreign country individually but not through a centralised management system elsewhere.
What does the term NEE mean?
The term NEE means a newly emerging economy. It is a way of categorising countries based on their economic development.
Why is Nigeria regionally and globally important?
Nigeria is globally important because it is one of the largest exporters of oil, has a music industry worth $73 million, and has the second largest film industry in the world.
Locally, Nigeria is the most populous and fastest-growing economy in Africa.
Apart from oil, what are Nigeria's main exports?
Apart from oil, Nigeria's main exports are cotton, textiles, cocoa and rubber.
How has the growth of the manufacturing industries led to Nigeria's economic development?
The growth of the manufacturing industries has led to Nigeria's economic development by:
Providing regular, paid work and a secure income.
Taxes paid from employment provides education, healthcare and infrastructure.
A thriving industrial sector attracts foreign investment, furthering economic growth.
What issues has Shell in Nigeria caused?
Shell in Nigeria has caused tensions and environmental issues such as:
Oil spills pollute the surrounding waters, harming biodiversity and fish yields.
Caused soil degradation, which has reduced agricultural production.
Frequent oil flares send toxic fumes into the air to burn off the gas from the oil, affecting people's health.
Oil theft and sabotage are big problems costing TNCs and the government billions.
What did the Nigerian government set up to monitor the oil industry?
The Nigerian government set up the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) to monitor the oil industry.
How have Nigeria's political and trading relations changed?
Nigeria developed from a LIC to a NEE, which has changed its global political position.
Nigeria belongs to several trading groups, and its oil reserves help boost its global influence.
Since 1999, Nigeria has had a stable government, which has encouraged other countries to invest in Nigeria.
Why does Nigeria receive aid?
Nigeria receives aid because poverty and infant mortality are high and life expectancy is low, especially in northeast Nigeria.
How has rapid industrial growth in Nigeria led to environmental impacts?
Rapid industrial growth in Nigeria has led to environmental impacts through:
Urban growth and a rise in squatter settlements, waste disposal, traffic congestion and vehicle exhaust emissions.
The Niger Delta is one of the most polluted places on Earth due to mining and oil extraction.
Industries releasing chemical waste onto nearby land, poisonous gases released.
Commercial farming has led to land degradation and desertification.
What are the four groups of economic activity?
Economic activities can be grouped into four sectors:
Primary: mining, fishing, farming, etc.
Secondary: factory workers, clothing, steel production, etc.
Tertiary: nurses, lawyers, teachers, shop assistants, chefs
Quaternary: hi-tech scientists, research and development
How has the UK's economy changed over time?
The UK’s economy has changed from:
Pre-industrial stage, where most people worked in the primary sector, such as farming or mining.
Industrial stage, where more people moved into the secondary sector of manufacturing.
Post-industrial stage, where the emphasis is on service-based tertiary and quaternary sectors of research and ICT.
What are the three main causes of economic change in the UK?
The three main causes of economic change in the UK were:
De-industrialisation.
Globalisation.
Government policy changes.
What does the term post-industrial economy mean?
In a post-industrial economy, the manufacturing sector is in decline and the service and quaternary sectors are growing.
True or False?
80% of the UK's employment is in the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
True.
80% of the UK's employment is in the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
What have been the impacts of industry on the UK?
The impacts of industry on the UK include:
Landscapes are scarred by ugly, derelict buildings.
Smog from industries burning coal.
ugly spoil heaps changed the landscape in coal mining areas.
Industrial waste products cause air, water and soil pollution.
The rise in manufacturing transport increased levels of air pollution.
What is the UK north-south divide?
The North-South Divide refers to the political, regional, and economic gap between the North and the South of England.
What does the UK north-south divide highlight?
The divide highlights the disparities in wealth between the North and South of the UK that stretch from the Severn in Gloucestershire to Wash Bay in Norfolk.
What strategies have been put in place to close the north-south gap?
Strategies to close the gap include:
Local enterprise partnerships (LEPs)
Enterprise Zones (EZs)
The Northern Powerhouse Strategy
Liverpool 2
HS2 high speed rail
True or False?
The UK is still a global political, economic and cultural influence.
True.
The UK is still a global political, economic and cultural influence.
The UK remains one of the world’s major economies and is a global transport and financial hub.
The UK is highly regarded for its fairness and tolerance, its highly developed legal system, its strong democratic principles and its rich cultural heritage.