True or False?
The UK's last ice age peaked 20,000 years ago and ended about 11,500 years ago.
Enjoying Flashcards?
Tell us what you think
True or False?
The UK's last ice age peaked 20,000 years ago and ended about 11,500 years ago.
True.
The UK's last ice age peaked 20,000 years ago and ended about 11,500 years ago.
What percentage of the world's land was covered in ice during the last ice age?
At the peak of the last ice age, 30% of the world's land was covered in ice.
True or False?
Upland Britain is covered in v-shaped valleys along with steep, eroded mountain peaks.
False.
Upland Britain is covered with steep, eroded mountain peaks, but past glaciation has left U-shaped valleys, not V-shaped valleys.
How far did glaciation extend in Britain during the last ice age?
During the last ice age, glaciation extended across Ireland, Wales, Scotland and northern England.
What is a glacier?
Glaciers are large, slow-moving rivers of ice.
How long does glacial ice take to form?
It takes 20 to 30 years for the layers of snow to compress and form glacial ice.
What is the main process of glacial weathering?
The main process of glacial weathering is freeze-thaw, where repeated freezing and thawing of water will eventually break the rock apart.
What is plucking?
Plucking is where glacial ice pulls rocks and debris away from the bottom and sides of a valley as the glacier moves forward.
Define glacial abrasion.
Glacial abrasion is when the weight of the glacier advancing downhill grinds the bits of rock, stone and boulders stuck in the ice against the valley floor.
How does glacial ice advance?
Ice advances in a circular motion called rotational slip, which hollows and deepens the landscape.
True or False?
Glaciers move under gravity really quickly.
False.
Glaciers move under gravity very slowly.
What is the front of a glacier called?
The front of a glacier is called the snout.
Any material that the glacier carries or moves is known as?
Any material that the glacier carries or moves is known as glacial till.
What is till?
Till is unsorted, irregular debris ranging from clay to boulders of any size and shape.
True or False?
Meltwater rivers flow out of a glacier's snout.
True.
Meltwater rivers flow out of a glacier's snout and carry large amounts of till.
What are outwash plains?
Outwash plains are layers of fine, sorted till that have been deposited in the lower glacial valley.
What is a pyramidal peak?
A pyramidal peak is a three-sided, pointed mountain peak formed when three or more back-to-back glaciers carve away at the top of a mountain, creating a sharply pointed mountain summit.
What is an arête?
An arête is a narrow, steep-sided ridge formed when two glaciers flow back-to-back, eroding either side of the ridge and making it narrower with a jagged profile.
True or False?
Corrie, cwm and cirques are all the same feature.
True.
Corrie, cwm and cirques are all the same feature.
In England, they are called corries.
In Wales, they are called cwms.
In France, they are called cirques.
How are corries formed?
Corries are formed when glacial ice moves and plucks out rock from the back wall of a hollow to form a rounded, steep-sided armchair shape with a lip at the bottom end.
What are tarn lakes or corrie lochs?
Tarn lakes, or corrie lochs, are mountain pools or lakes that form in a corrie after the glacier has melted, due to the lip at the bottom end acting as a dam to hold the water.
What glacial landform is found between hanging valleys and is an inverted 'V' shape?
The glacial landform found between hanging valleys and is an inverted 'V' shape is a truncated spur.
What are hanging valleys?
Hanging valleys are small tributary glaciers found 'hanging' above the main valley floor, which produce waterfalls when melting occurs.
What is a ribbon lake?
A ribbon lake is a long, thin lake formed when a glacier carves a deeper trough over softer rock, and water collects in these deeper areas after the glacier melts.
What shape of valley do glaciers leave behind?
Glaciers leave behind a U-shaped valley, also known as a glacial trough.
Define the term moraine.
Moraines are unsorted glacial till that is deposited in mounds.
Name the four types of moraines.
The four types of moraines are:
Terminal, where material is deposited at the snout of the glacier.
Lateral, where material is deposited along both sides of the glacier.
Medial, where a ridge of material is deposited between where two glaciers meet and continue to flow downhill together.
Ground, where material is dragged under the base of the glacier and deposited over a wide area on the valley floor.
True or False?
Drumlins are elongated, egg-shaped hills of glacial till.
True.
Drumlins are elongated, egg-shaped hills of glacial till.
How do drumlins form?
Drumlins form beneath the glacier when the glacier meets an obstruction, and material is deposited as ground moraine. They are shaped in the direction of the moving ice.
What is the collective name of multiple drumlins?
The collective name for multiple drumlins is swarm, or baskets of eggs.
What are erratics?
Erratics are random rocks of different sizes and types that look completely out of place on the landscape. Glaciers pick up and carry these rocks hundreds, sometimes thousands, of kilometres from where they originate.
How many metres above sea level is Helvellyn in the Lake District?
Helvellyn is 950 metres above sea level and made predominantly of 450-million-year-old igneous rock.
What is Helvellyn an example of?
Helvellyn is an example of a pyramidal peak with two arêtes.
True or False?
Ribbon lakes in glacial troughs can be found throughout the Lake District.
True.
Ribbon lakes in glacial troughs can be found throughout the Lake District.
How are terminal moraines used in the fields of Borrowdale?
Fields in Borrowdale use the terminal moraines as boundaries between farm fields.
What is the Bowder Stone at Borrowdale, and what is its estimated size and weight?
The Bowder Stone at Borrowdale is an example of an erratic. It is estimated to weigh 2 000 tonnes and is roughly 9 metres high and 15 metres in diameter.
What are the most common economic uses in upland glaciated areas?
The most common economic uses in upland glaciated areas are:
Forestry.
Farming.
Small settlements.
What type of forests are planted in upland areas?
Evergreen (coniferous) forests are planted in upland areas.
What are the benefits of planting new forests in upland areas?
New forests can help reduce soil erosion and offset the impact of deforestation elsewhere. They also provide job opportunities and boost the local economy through timber production.
What is the impact of forestry on habitats and biodiversity?
Felling trees removes habitats for animals and plants, and coniferous forests do not support high biodiversity and limit species numbers, making them less attractive to visitors.
What is the most common farming activity in upland areas?
Due to the steep slopes and poor soils, sheep farming is the most common activity in upland areas.
What is the impact of farming on the environment in upland areas?
Farming harms the environment when clearing trees and vegetation to provide grazing, and overgrazing can lead to soil erosion, and water pollution and may reduce biodiversity.
How many tourists visit the Lake District each year?
The Lake District gets approximately 16.5 million visitors each year.
What attractions does the Lake District offer for tourists?
The Lake District offers tourists:
Outdoor activities.
Stunning scenery.
Historical and cultural attractions.
What is the impact of tourism on housing in upland areas like the Lake District?
Tourism has led to an increase in second homes and holiday cottages, with areas like Keswick and Borrowdale having over a third of homes being holiday lets or second homes, leading to few residents in winter and an inundation with tourists in summer.
What tourist activities have impacted the Lake District?
Tourist activities that have impacted the Lake District include:
Footpath erosion due to walking.
Increased levels of litter, air and noise pollution.
Large volumes of traffic cause traffic jams, and a lack of parking forces people to park on verges and block driveways.
What management strategy has Bowness introduced to prevent second home buying?
Bowness introduced an affordable housing scheme to those who have lived and worked in the area for at least 3 years.
How have quarries in the Lake District been redeveloped?
Quarries have been redeveloped for adventure sports such as zip-wire or wetland habitats.
What has Lake Windermere done to ease pollution from water sports?
Lake Windermere has a 10-knot speed limit for all boats and 6 knots in some of the zones. Zoning schemes mean that only certain areas of some of the lakes can be used for water sports.
What is National Trust's Fix the Fells project?
The National Trust's Fix the Fells project is a collaboration between six organisations to restore and maintain footpaths in the Lake District.
What is Go Lakes Travel Programme?
The Go Lakes Travel Programme is a £6.9 million initiative to create a network of pay-as-you-go car hire and bicycles to reduce pollution and the volume of vehicles on the narrow roads.