Food Production (AQA GCSE Food Preparation & Nutrition)
Revision Note
Written by: Ruth Brindle
Reviewed by: Lára Marie McIvor
Primary and secondary stages
Processing of food is important for several reasons, including:
Treating the food to kill harmful microorganisms to make the food safe
Adding substances to improve appearance or flavour
Preserving in order to give a longer shelf life or make seasonal foods available all year round
Processing to reduce preparation time and produce more convenient foods to meet consumer demands
Primary processing
Primary processing is the conversion of raw ingredients into edible foods or foods to be processed further
Raw ingredients that are reared, caught or grown will be harvested and cleaned before going through processes to prepare them for further use
Food type | Primary processing techniques |
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Meat products | After slaughtering, meat is hung for a minimum of a week, bones are removed and the carcass is jointed Then the meat is processed by:
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Fish products | After being caught, fish may be sold as whole fish, or cut into steaks, tail pieces, fillets and cutlets The fish is processed by:
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Fruit and vegetables | After harvesting processes might include:
Processes to prevent decay might include:
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Cereals | Milling of wheat to make flour
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Milk | Milk is treated by:
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There are various downsides to primary processing:
Some methods can lead to a loss in vitamin levels
Vitamin C and various B vitamins break down at high temperatures
Drying processes can lead to break down of vitamins A, B and C
The sensory characteristics can be altered as a result of methods used during the processing of milk
Heat treatment can result in changes to the flavour, colour and texture of the milk
Drying processes used to produce milk powder more significantly alters the flavour, colour and texture whilst also reducing the vitamin content of the milk
Secondary processing
Secondary processing involves further transformation of primary processed foods to prepare them for consumption or further processing
Secondary processes might include:
Mixing or blending to combine ingredients
Cooking, baking, roasting or frying
Freezing or fermentation
Preservation by canning, pickling or fermenting
Forming or shaping of food e.g. pasta shapes or snacks
Adding flavour enhancers or fortifying with extra vitamins
Process | Description |
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Flour into bread | There are four key stages in bread making:
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Flour into pasta |
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Milk into cheese |
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Milk into yoghurt |
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