Diet, Nutrition & Health (AQA GCSE Food Preparation & Nutrition)

Revision Note

Cara Head

Written by: Cara Head

Reviewed by: Lára Marie McIvor

The relationship between diet, nutrition & health

  • The food consumed by a person can directly affect their health

  • Typically, a person consuming a balanced diet and following the Eatwell Guide will have good health

  • Where diet is poor and lacking in nutrients or the balance of nutrients is not correct, then ill health can occur

  • Nutritional and dietary needs can change in relation to different health conditions

Obesity

  • Obesity occurs when a body is carrying too much fat

  • Generally, this is the result of:

    • consuming too much energy for a person's BMR and PAL

    • eating a diet high in saturated fat, processed foods and sugars

    • lack of exercise and physical activity

  • Health-related issues associated with obesity:

    • High blood pressure

    • High cholesterol levels

    • Breathing difficulties

    • Joint pain

    • Tiredness

    • Coronary heart disease (CHD)

    • Type 2 diabetes

    • Certain cancers

  • Dietary needs require changes to enable an obese person to lose weight:

    • Reducing overall energy (kilocalories) intake

    • Follow a diet low in fats and sugars

    • Partaking in regular exercise

Cardiovascular health

  • Cardiovascular health includes coronary heart disease (CHD) and high blood pressure

  • CHD occurs when coronary arteries (the arteries supplying the heart cells with blood) become narrowed or blocked with fatty deposits called plaque

  • Oxygen and glucose are unable to be delivered to cells of the heart which can cause a heart attack

  • A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol can lead to CHD

Image of a heart showing coronary artery blocked with fatty deposit called plaque
CHD is caused by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries
  • Health-related issues associated with cardiovascular disease:

    • Angina

    • Blood clots can form which can reduce blood flow (carrying oxygen and glucose) to the heart or other areas of the body

    • High blood pressure puts strain on blood vessels increasing the risk of heart attacks or strokes

  • Dietary needs require changes to prevent or reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease

    • Reducing consumption of saturated fats, salt and sugar in the diet

    • Lowering intake of alcohol (and smoking)

    • Partaking in regular exercise

Bone and dental health

  • A diet lacking in the right amount of nutrients can affect the health of the bones throughout the skeleton and teeth

  • This can cause:

    • rickets

    • osteoporosis

    • tooth decay

Rickets

  • This is caused by eating a diet lacking in vitamin D and calcium

    • Vitamin D requires sunlight to be activated so a lack of sunlight is also a contributing factor

  • Health-related issues include:

    • soft and weak bones

    • bending and bowing outwards of leg bones causing permanent damage

  • Dietary needs require vitamin D drops to be given to infants and children to avoid vitamin D deficiency

Image of normal straight legs compared to image of bowed legs caused by rickets.
Rickets causing bowing of the legs due to weaker bones caused by a lack of vitamin D

Osteoporosis

  • Osteoporosis is a disease that affects the bones of adults

  • It is caused by a lack of vitamin D and calcium in childhood

  • It is more common in elderly people due to loss of bone density

  • Health-related issues include:

    • Weak and brittle bones

    • More likely to break or fracture bones

  • Dietary needs require a diet high in vitamin D and calcium-rich foods such as leafy green vegetables, tofu, seeds and dairy products

Tooth decay

  • Teeth and dental health can be affected by the diet

  • Teeth should be cleaned twice a day with fluoride containing toothpaste to prevent tooth decay

  • A high-sugar diet can increase the risk of tooth decay

    • Some sugars are found within dairy products and fruits, these are less likely to cause tooth decay

    • Other sugars are 'free' sugars found in sugary drinks, cakes and sweets which can contribute to tooth decay

  • Plaque is a substance that can also build up on teeth from leftover food which can lead to tooth decay

  • Health-related issues include:

    • toothache

    • tooth sensitivity

    • bad breath

    • discolouration of the teeth

  • Dietary needs require a low-sugar diet and foods containing sugars to be consumed at meal times, rather than on their own

Iron deficiency anaemia

  • Iron is a component of red blood cells

  • Iron deficiency anaemia occurs when there are not enough red blood cells within your blood

  • It is caused by:

    • a lack of iron-rich foods in the diet, such as leafy green vegetables and red meat

    • blood loss through menstruation in women

    • pregnancy in women as iron from the mother is transferred to the growing baby

  • Health-related issues associated with iron deficiency anaemia:

    • Tiredness and fatigue

    • Heath palpitations

    • Pale looking skin

    • Headaches

    • Abnormal fingernails

    • Dizziness and fainting

  • Dietary needs require changes to prevent or reduce iron deficiency anaemia:

    • Iron tablets or supplements may be prescribed by a doctor

    • Vitamin C must be taken with iron-rich foods to help iron be absorbed into the bloodstream

Type 2 diabetes

  • Diabetes is a condition that occurs when sugar (glucose) in the blood is not absorbed into the cells where it is required

  • The hormone insulin is needed for glucose to be absorbed into the cells

  • Type 2 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin production (which occurs in the pancreas) or a resistance to insulin

  • Factors which increase the chance of developing type 2 diabetes include:

    • being overweight

    • excess sugar in the diet

    • being over 40 years of age

    • high blood pressure

    • lack of exercise

  • Health-related issues associated with type 2 diabetes:

    • Poor eyesight

    • Limb numbness, which can lead to amputations

    • Kidney failure

    • Cardiovascular disease

    • Frequent urination, tiredness and feeling thirsty, are all symptoms of diabetes

  • Dietary needs require changes to manage type 2 diabetes:

    • Following a balanced diet and the Eatwell guide

    • Limiting 'free' sugars in the diet and higher consumption of starchy carbohydrates release sugar slowly

Examiner Tips and Tricks

It is important that you know and understand how diet can affect health and how nutritional needs change in relation to each of the conditions discussed:

  • Obesity

  • Cardiovascular health (coronary heart disease (CHD) and high blood pressure)

  • Bone health (rickets and osteoporosis)

  • Dental health

  • Iron deficiency anaemia

  • Type 2 diabetes.

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Cara Head

Author: Cara Head

Expertise: Biology Content Creator

Cara graduated from the University of Exeter in 2005 with a degree in Biological Sciences. She has fifteen years of experience teaching the Sciences at KS3 to KS5, and Psychology at A-Level. Cara has taught in a range of secondary schools across the South West of England before joining the team at SME. Cara is passionate about Biology and creating resources that bring the subject alive and deepen students' understanding

Lára Marie McIvor

Author: Lára Marie McIvor

Expertise: Biology Lead

Lára graduated from Oxford University in Biological Sciences and has now been a science tutor working in the UK for several years. Lára has a particular interest in the area of infectious disease and epidemiology, and enjoys creating original educational materials that develop confidence and facilitate learning.