Factors Which Influence Food Choice (AQA GCSE Food Preparation & Nutrition)

Revision Note

Ruth Brindle

Written by: Ruth Brindle

Reviewed by: Lára Marie McIvor

Factors which influence food choice

  • There are many factors that determine the food choices made by individuals

Factors include:

Physical activity level (PAL)

  • The energy consumed in food should match the energy output due to physical activity

  • Individuals with a higher PAL require more calories and nutrients

    • If the calorie intake is less than the calories burned then the individual may lose weight as energy stores in the tissues are used up

    • Sports performers may also aim to increase the protein in their diet to aid muscle development

  • Individuals with a lower PAL are likely to require fewer calories

    • If the calorie intake is more than the calories burned, the extra calories will be stored as fat

  • More information on energy needs and food choices can be found here

A runner runs on a road with mountains in the background.
Physically active individuals require a higher calorie intake

Celebrations and special occasions

  • Special events often influence food choices towards more indulgent or traditional dishes

  • Events that may determine specific food choices include:

    • birthdays

    • weddings

    • funerals

    • religious celebrations e.g. Christmas, Diwali, Eid

    • anniversaries

    • retirement parties

Two women in traditional attire are talking and holding plates of food. A table in front of them has various dishes, including sweets, snacks, and fruits.
During Diwali Hindus celebrate with the exchange of sweets

Cost of food

  • Budget constraints affect meal choices and the selection of ingredients, e.g.

    • whether or not people choose branded foods

      • These are often more expensive than own-brand supermarket options

      • Most supermarkets offer a wide range of own-brand options to compete with branded equivalents

    • people may be encouraged to buy certain foods due to special offers or bulk-buy deals

  • People may reduce the cost of their weekly food supplies by:

    • careful meal planning

    • batch cooking

    • researching price comparisons between supermarkets

    • minimising food waste

    • taking advantage of end-of-day price reductions

The inside of a supermarket is shown, with a stall of apples in the foreground and a chiller in the background. There are multiple 'save' signs indicating special offers.
Special offers in supermarkets may influence food choices due to cost

stevepb, via pixabay

Preference and enjoyment

  • Personal likes and dislikes play a significant role in food choices; people choose foods that they enjoy eating

  • Food preferences are often influenced by factors such as:

    • texture

    • smell

    • taste

    • appearance

    • associations, e.g. knowing that a certain food has been sustainably sourced

    • familiarity, e.g. people may prefer foods that they ate as a child

Food availability

  • Foods that are easily available are more likely to be purchased by consumers

    • E.g. consumers may want to shop in only one supermarket, or complete a single online shop, rather than having to search for products in multiple shops

  • Local availability may be affected by the transport of products to supermarkets

    • The cost of transport may be too high to make it worthwhile, so access to diverse food options may be limited in remote locations

Healthy eating

  • Nutritional awareness drives healthier food choices

    • Individuals may consider the balance of macronutrients and micronutrients when making their choices

  • Healthier options might include:

    • lower sugar, salt or fat options

    • low carbohydrate diets

    • high protein diets

    • fewer artificial additives

  • People with allergies and intolerances need to avoid certain food choices in order to maintain good health

  • More details on healthy eating and food choices can be found here

A pile of healthy foods on a worktop, including carrots, bell peppers, avocado, blueberries and nuts
People may choose food on the basis of nutritional content

formulatehealth, via Wikimedia Commons

Income

  • A higher-income may increase the variety of food choices and allow individuals to spend money on premium quality produce

  • A lower-income necessitates more budget-conscious decisions which may exclude options such as fresh meat and fish, and more expensive imported products

Lifestyle

  • Many people have busy lifestyles that involve caring for family members, long working hours, and commuting to and from work

  • Busy lifestyles may favour quick, convenient meals, e.g.

    • microwave meals

    • oven-cooked easy meals

    • eating out

    • takeaways

    • partially prepared meals or meal kits, e.g. HelloFresh or Mindful Chef

  • Individuals experiencing stress may opt for foods that they enjoy rather than healthy foods, e.g. foods high in sugar

Seasonality

  • Choices may be impacted by seasonal availability of certain foods, especially fresh produce

    • Farmers grow crops that are most likely to achieve a high yield at any given time of year; this will be determined by the climate of the location in which food is grown

  • Fruits and vegetables available out of season may be of:

    • lower quality, due to being grown in less suitable conditions

    • higher cost, due to being imported from further afield

  • People may also choose to grow locally grown food to:

    • eat in a more environmentally friendly way

      • Food grown in other parts of the world will have been transported, e.g. by air, increasing fossil fuel consumption

    • support local providers

Some whole and some chopped strawberries are on a wooden chopping surface
The availability and price of fresh produce differs depending on the time of year, e.g. in the UK strawberries can be harvested in the summer, meaning that they are likely to be cheaper and more widely available at this time of year

Engin_Akyurt, via pixabay

Time of day

  • People tend to choose different types of meals at different times of day; ideally, food choices will include:

    • a breakfast that provides slow-release energy to start the day

    • lunch that contains a mix of food types to sustain energy levels until dinner

    • dinner that is is easy-to-digest so as not to disrupt sleep patterns

  • Snack choices should aim to boost energy levels between meals, ideally with minimal fat or sugar content

Time available to prepare and cook food

  • Buying ingredients, following a recipe and cleaning up afterwards requires time

  • Individuals with time available may choose more complicated recipes which require longer multistep preparation processes

  • Many people have limited time available due to a busy lifestyle, leading to an increase in the consumption of convenience foods, e.g.

    • ready meals

    • pre-chopped fruit and vegetables

    • grated cheese

Costing and modifying recipes

  • When calculating the cost of a recipe the following should be considered:

    • the list of ingredients required

    • the quantity of each ingredient required

  • A simple table can be used to do the calculations, e.g. for a ham sandwich:

Ingredient

Total amount of ingredient used / g

Packet weight / g

Cost of whole ingredient / pence

Cost of ingredient required for recipe / pence

bread (2 slices)

40

400

155

40 ÷ 400 x 155 = 15.5

ham

35

150

300

35 ÷ 150 x 300 = 70

butter

10

250

165

10 ÷ 250 x 165 = 6.6

total cost:

15.5 + 70 + 6.6 = 92.1 = 92 p

Making modifications

  • It may be necessary to modify recipes depending on factors affecting food choices, e.g.

    • making cheaper food choices

    • selecting allergy-aware alternatives

    • switching ingredients to allow for diet choices, e.g. vegetarian or vegan alternatives

    • removing and replacing ingredients based on likes/dislikes

  • Modifications could be made to the ham sandwich to make it suitable for a pescetarian with a dairy allergy as follows:

Ingredient

Total amount of ingredient used / g

Packet weight / g

Cost of whole ingredient / pence

Cost of ingredient required for recipe / pence

bread (2 slices)

40

400

155

40 ÷ 400 x 155 = 15.5

tuna (instead of ham)

72.5

145

82

72.5 ÷ 145 x 82 = 41

olive oil spread (instead of butter)

10

400

200

10 ÷ 400 x 200 = 5

total cost:

15.5 + 41 + 5 = 61.5 = 62 p

Examiner Tips and Tricks

You should be able to apply your knowledge of the factors affecting food choice to a range of different scenarios, including:

  • justifying the selection of particular recipes

  • consideration of factors such as health, cost, preference, and lifestyle

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Ruth Brindle

Author: Ruth Brindle

Expertise: Biology

Ruth graduated from Sheffield University with a degree in Biology and went on to teach Science in London whilst also completing an MA in innovation in Education. With 10 years of teaching experience across the 3 key science disciplines, Ruth decided to set up a tutoring business to support students in her local area. Ruth has worked with several exam boards and loves to use her experience to produce educational materials which make the mark schemes accessible to all students.

Lára Marie McIvor

Author: Lára Marie McIvor

Expertise: Biology Lead

Lára graduated from Oxford University in Biological Sciences and has now been a science tutor working in the UK for several years. Lára has a particular interest in the area of infectious disease and epidemiology, and enjoys creating original educational materials that develop confidence and facilitate learning.