A Wife in London by Thomas Hardy (WJEC Eduqas GCSE English Literature)

Revision Note

Helen Cunningham

Written by: Helen Cunningham

Reviewed by: Kate Lee

What is the poem about?  

Written in the Victorian period in 1899, shortly after the outbreak of the Boer War (1899–1902), Hardy’s ‘A Wife in London’ is about a woman in London who receives a telegram informing her that husband has died in battle. The following day, she receives a posthumous letter from him, full of life and hope. The poem focuses on the impact of war on those at home, exploring the far reaching impact of war on ordinary individuals who are powerless in influencing a country’s decision to engage in military action. 

Language, structure and form revision 

What happens in the poem? 

Language: 


Form: 


Structure: 

Stanza One

  • Hardy describes a wife in London, sitting alone on a foggy, cold day with low light

Stanza Two

  • There is a knock at the door and the wife is given a telegram containing a brief message conveying the news that her husband has been killed in action in South Africa

Stanza Three

  • A postman delivers a letter written by the husband before he was killed. His wife reads it by the light of a flickering fire

Stanza Four

  • She reads his letter, which is full of her husband’s optimism, outlining the anticipations he held for his homecoming, including the development of their relationship

Poems for comparison: 

  • ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ by Wilfred Owen: war, death, sacrifice, loss of innocence

  • ‘Mametz Wood’ by Owen Sheers: long-term impact of war, death, memory

  • ‘The Soldier’ by Rupert Brooke: war, death, sacrifice, love

  • ‘Afternoons’ by Philip Larkin: marriage, ordinary life, loss

  • ‘Sonnet 43’ by Elizabeth Barrett Browning: love, sacrifice, devotion

Key words 

Context: 

Second Boer War 

Victorian era

Anti-war

Realism

Themes: 

Isolation 

Death 

Tragedy 

Love 

Poem analysis 

'A Wife in London' by Thomas Hardy

I The Tragedy

She sits in the tawny vapour
That the Thames-side lanes have uprolled
Behind whose webby fold-on-fold
Like a waning taper
The street-lamp glimmers cold.

A messenger’s knock cracks smartly,
Flashed news in her hand
Of meaning it dazes to understand
Though shaped so shortly:
He—he has fallen—in the far South Land…

II The Irony

’Tis the morrow; the fog hangs thicker,
The postman nears and goes:
A letter is brought whose lines disclose
By the firelight flicker
His hand, whom the worm now knows:

Fresh—firm—penned in highest feather—
Page-full of his hoped return,
And of home-planned jaunts of brake and burn
In the summer weather,
And of new love that they would learn.

Language

  • The woman is nameless and referred only as “A wife”, symbolic of those  widowed by war. Hardy implies that she is merely another wife affected by the consequences of war

  • The poem has an almost cinematic quality as he focuses on a solitary moment for one person in a large city, disconnected from their husband who is far away. (London may also symbolise the government, as its authority renders the wife isolated and alone)

  • “She sits” signifies inaction, suggesting the wife is powerless and devoid of agency over her own fate

  • Description of the “tawny vapour” alludes to air pollution in London, which led to poor health and deaths; Hardy explores the ills of the era, literally and metaphorically

  • The fog is “webby”, like a spider’s web, which hints at imprisonment or entrapment

  • Pathetic fallacy adds to the emotional depth of the poem, conveying a bleak, sombre mood and creating a sense of foreboding 

  • The simile “Like a waning taper” alludes to the fading away of life

  • “glimmers cold” presents further Gothic imagery to connote the chilling presence of death 

  • The onomatopoeic “cracks”: heightens the tension and sense of foreboding   

  • The fire can only “flicker”, in contrast to the word “burn” in the last stanza, alluding to a lack of vigour and life

Structure

  • The present tense helps the reader to immerse themselves in the scene as if witnessing it first-hand

  • Enjambment in the first stanza emphasises the pervasiveness of the fog, representing confusion and the eerie sense of uncertainty

  • Structural repetition of “he” emphasises her husband as the subject and the lack of identity renders him a symbol of many others 

  • The ellipsis at the end of the first stanza accentuates  the gravitas of the news  

  • Caesura in lines 10 and 16 contrast with each other; one is about the husband’s death, the other is about his life

  • As the poem progresses, the weather deteriorates, reflecting the prevailing mood of sorrow. This is in contrast to the mention of summer in the penultimate line

Form

  • The regular rhyme scheme (ABBAB) establishes an ordered pattern juxtaposed with the impending upheaval in the wife’s life. It fosters a melodic tone, suggesting inevitability. Coupled with pathetic fallacy, it instils a sense of unease from the outset

  • The partial rhyme in the second stanza, “smartly/shortly” highlights a disconnect, reflecting the juxtaposition between the knock at the door and the subsequent reading of the telegram 

Overview of themes 

Themes 

Key quotations 

Language, form and structure 

Isolation 

“A wife in London”






“She sits in the tawny vapour
That the Thames-side lanes have uprolled”



“The postman nears and goes”


The title conveys the wife’s loneliness and the disconnect between her and her husband. London is depicted as a hostile, cold environment adding to the sense of discomfort

The use of the indefinite article “A” implies there are numerous wives experiencing similar separations from their husbands

The language is ominous. Isolated in the city, she is surrounded by fog, connoting a sense of confusion and uncertainty 

The simplicity of the language belies the weight of the postman’s visit. The mundane nature of his arrival is juxtaposed against the impact of the message he delivers

Death 

“A messenger’s knock cracks smartly,
Flashed news in her hand”

“He — he has fallen — in the far South Land…”

“His hand, whom the worm now knows”

The onomatopoeic phrase “cracks smartly” evokes a suddenness and urgency and the verb “flashed” further adds to the abruptness. This reflects the sudden shift in the wife’s circumstances


Caesura adds dramatic effect and mimics the mental discord of processing tragic news and disrupts the iambic pentameter rhythm. The repetition of “he” and the fragmented syntax and ellipsis adds to the gravity of the moment

The physicality of the imagery conjured by “hand” and “worm” emphasises the tangible reality of death and alludes to decay and inevitability 

Tragedy 

“I The Tragedy”

“Flashed news in her hand”


“Of meaning it dazes to understand
Though shaped so shortly”

The first part of the poem comes under the heading “Tragedy”, positioning the husband’s death as such. It is descriptive rather than emotive

The verb “flashed” alludes to the shock and abrupt interruption to the wife’s life. The phrase “her hand” contrasts with “his hand”, conveying the juxtaposition between the wife’s immediate experience and her husband’s fate


Alliteration in “shaped so shortly” highlights the brevity of the message in sharp contrast to the enormity of its impact

Love 

“In the summer weather”

“And of new love that they would learn”

Looking forward to “summer weather” has connotations of happy times

The words “new love” is ambiguous but the poem concludes with a lost hope for renewal through love. It encapsulates a sense of waste and loss

Historical and literary context 

  • Thomas Hardy spent most of his life (1840–1928) in Dorset, with a period in London when he worked in architecture:

    • He was later ordained as an Anglican priest

  • Hardy was known first as a novelist, through his works such as Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, and then as a poet, which he considered his true vocation

  • ‘A Wife in London’ was published in 1901 in a collection called Poems of the Past and the Present:

    • An exploration of the impact of war on ordinary people, it reflects Hardy’s concerns about the impact of history on individuals and communities

    • The poem was written in the Victorian period at a time of expansion of the British Empire (using military force where deemed necessary)

    • At the same time, the Industrial Revolution was gathering pace in Britain with advancements in technologies such as steam power 

    • The period when the poem was written also marked the start of the Boer War (1899–1902):

      • The Boer War was fought between the British Empire and the Boers (Dutch settlers living in the region)

Comparing poems

Look at this exam-style question about ‘A Wife in London’:   

‘A Wife in London’ is a poem about loss.

 

Choose one other poem from the anthology in which the poet also writes about loss. Compare the way the poet presents loss in your chosen poem with the way Thomas Hardy presents loss in ‘A Wife in London’.

In your answer to you should compare:

  • the content and structure of the poems — what they are about and how they are organised

  • how the writers create effects, using appropriate terminology where relevant

  • the contexts of the poems, and how these may have influenced the ideas in them

How you could approach this question: 

Thesis/Essay introduction: Both Hardy and Heaney explore the theme of loss in distinct ways. ‘A Wife in London’ examines personal loss resulting from war, while ‘Death of a Naturalist’ addresses the loss of childhood innocence. Both poets employ vivid imagery of nature to convey their themes: Hardy uses weather imagery within an urban setting, contrasting with Heaney's rich descriptions of rural landscapes.

Similarities  

Differences 

Both poems explore the theme of loss and the emotional and transformative impact it has on individuals. For both speakers this loss is profound and life-changing

‘A Wife in London’ is about personal loss as a result of war while ‘Death of a Naturalist’ is concerned with the loss of childhood innocence

Both poets use imagery of nature with Hardy’s urban landscape and Heaney’s rural environment underscoring the universality of loss

Hardy uses imagery of weather in an urban setting while Heaney describes the richness of rural nature through imagery of frogspawn and frogs

Both poems are structured into two parts and each marks a different moment for the speakers. In Hardy’s poem the division contrasts the wife’s hopeful anticipation from the devastating realisation of her husband's fate. Similarly, In Heaney’s poem, the division delineates the speaker’s transition from childhood innocence to adult disillusionment 

While ‘A Wife in London’ follows a regular rhyme scheme, ‘Death of a Naturalist’ is written in free verse. In Hardy’s poem, the transition between two parts is marked by a shift from innocence to tragedy; in Heaney’s poem, the shift is from childhood to adulthood

Thesis/Essay introduction: Despite writing in different eras and with distinct styles, both poets capture loss experienced within the context of marriage. In ‘A Wife in London’, Hardy portrays a wife receiving news of her husband's sudden death in battle. Conversely, in ‘Afternoons’, Larkin explores a more gradual and subtle form of loss. He depicts the passing of youth, passion, and beauty in the lives of married couples, focusing on the mundane and routine aspects of their existence.

Similarities  

Differences  

Both poets explore the theme of loss and its impact on individuals and relationships and its universal significance across different contexts and experiences

In ‘A Wife in London’, Hardy presents a wife’s loss of her husband who has died in battle. However, in ‘Afternoons’, the loss presented is that of youth, passion and beauty

Both poems offer a poignant reflection on the institution of marriage

In Hardy’s poem, a wife is left bereft having learned that her husband has been killed at war, whereas in Larkin’s, marriage has become mundane, regimented and tedious

Both poets use a sombre tone. Hardy’s sombre tone mirrors the grief experienced by the wife and similarly, Larkin’s sombre tone captures the melancholy surrounding the gradual decay of passion and intimacy

Larkin uses a sombre tone to capture the sadness of unfulfillment as mothers realise that their lives are passing by. In contrast, the sombre tone in ‘A Wife in London’ reflects the harsh reality that the woman's husband has died 

Predicted exam questions to prepare for 

  • Compare the ways poets explore the theme of war in ‘A Wife in London’ and in one other poem from the anthology. 

  • Compare the ways poets explore marriage in ‘A Wife in London’ and in one other poem from the anthology. 

Examiner Tips and Tricks

To achieve the highest marks in your exam, it is important to explain how the context in which the poets were writing impacted their work, their motivations for writing, and the subsequent analysis of their poems. For example, understanding that Thomas Hardy was writing during the Boer War helps to explain what inspired him to write ‘A Wife in London’. Knowing that Hardy was concerned about the tragic impact of war on ordinary people helps the reader understand his reasons for writing the poem. Remember to integrate contextual points into your response rather than adding them separately just to show you know them. Context is only useful if it strengthens your analysis.

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Helen Cunningham

Author: Helen Cunningham

Expertise: English Content Creator

Helen graduated from the University of Oxford with a first-class degree in English Language and Literature. Now a writer and publishing consultant, Helen has worked in educational publishing for over 20 years, helping to create books for students in almost every country in the world. Helen is passionate about education as a force for positive change and loves to travel to different countries as part of her international work.

Kate Lee

Author: Kate Lee

Expertise: English and Languages Lead

Kate has over 12 years of teaching experience as a Head of English and as a private tutor. Having also worked at the exam board AQA and in educational publishing, she's been writing educational resources to support learners in their exams throughout her career. She's passionate about helping students achieve their potential by developing their literacy and exam skills.