The Purpose & Functionality of Operating Systems (OCR GCSE Computer Science)

What is an operating system?

• An operating system (OS) is software that provides an interface between the user and the hardware in a computer system

• An operating system hides the complexities of the hardware from the user, for example:

  • A user does not need to know 'where' on secondary storage data is kept, just that it is saved for when they want it again

• An operating systems main functions can be divided in to five key area:

  • Provide a user interface

  • Memory management & multitasking

  • Peripheral management & device drivers

  • User management

  • File management

User Interface

What is a user interface?

• A user interface is how the user interacts with the operating system

• Examples of user interfaces include:

  • Command Line Interface (CLI)

  • Graphical User Interface (GUI)

  • Menu

  • Natural language (NLI)

What is a command line interface?

• A Command Line Interface (CLI) requires users to interact with the operating system using text based commands

• CLIs are more commonly used by advanced users

• Examples of CLIs are MSDOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) and Raspbian (for Raspberry Pi)

What is a graphical user interface?

• A Graphical User Interface (GUI) requires users to interact with the operating system using visual elements such as windows, icons, menus & pointers (WIMP)

• GUIs are optimised for mouse and touch gesture input

• Examples of GUIs are Windows, Android and MAC OS

What is a menu interface?

• A menu interface is successive menus presented to a user with a single option at each stage

• Often performed with buttons or a keypad

• Examples include

  • Chip and pin machines

  • Vending machines

  • Entertainment streaming services

What is a natural language interface?

• A natural language interface (NLI) uses the spoken word to respond to spoken or textual inputs from a user

• Examples include

  • Virtual assistants - Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, Siri

  • Search engines

  • Smart home devices

Advantages and disadvantages of user interfaces

Memory Management & Multitasking

What is memory management?

• Memory management is a process carried out by the operating system allocating main memory (RAM) between different programs that are open at the same time

• The OS is responsible for copying programs and data from secondary to primary storage as it is needed

• Programs and data require different amounts of RAM to operate efficiently and the OS manages this process

• RAM is allocated based on priority and fairness, for example, system applications (essential) may have a higher priority than user applications

• The OS dynamically manages the memory, adjusting allocation as needed to maintain optimal system performance

• Memory management makes multitasking possible

What is multitasking?

• Multitasking is a process made possible by the OS simultaneously managing system resources (memory, CPU etc) to give a user the perception of being able to use multiple programs at the same time

• The OS splits tasks and allocates system resources based on a priority

• The CPU can only execute one instruction at a time, it can execute billions of them in one second.

• This makes it appear that multiple programs are running at the same time

Peripheral Management & Device Drivers

What is peripheral management?

• Peripheral management is a process carried out by the operating system managing the way peripherals (hardware) interact with software

• The OS allocates system resources to peripherals to ensure efficient operation

• Peripheral management makes plug-and-play (PnP) functionality possible, automatically detecting and configuring new peripherals without the need for manually installing device drivers or power cycling the system

What is a device driver?

• A device driver is a piece of software used to control a piece of hardware

• Peripherals require device drivers in order to be used by the operating system

• The OS has generic device drivers built in which makes basic compatibility possible and enables plug-and-play (PnP)

• In order for hardware to be used to its maximum capacity, often a separate device driver must be downloaded from the manufacturer

• Device drivers are OS specific and are regularly updated

User Management

What is user management?

• User management is a process carried out by the operating system enabling different users to log onto a computer

• The OS is able to maintain settings for individual users, such as desktop backgrounds, icons and colour schemes

•  A system administrator is able to allocate different access rights for different users on a network

File Management

What is file management?

• File management is a process carried out by the operating system creating, organising, manipulating and accessing files and folders on a computer system

• The OS manages where data is stored in both primary and secondary storage

• File management gives the user the ability to:

  • Create files/folders

  • Name files/folders

  • Rename files/folders

  • Copy files/folders

  • Move files/folders

  • Delete files/folders

• The OS allows users to control who can access, modify and delete files/folders (permissions)

• The OS provides a search facility to find specific files based on various criteria