Impacts of Digital Technology on Wider Society (AQA GCSE Computer Science)
Revision Note
Written by: Robert Hampton
Reviewed by: James Woodhouse
Privacy Issues in Computing
What is a privacy issue?
A privacy issue is an issue that comes from collecting, accessing or using personal information without consent or control
Who controls the data and how it is used raises crucial questions as technology becomes a bigger part of everyday life
The argument
Citizens | Government/Security services |
---|---|
"Governments and security services have too much access to private data" | "We cannot keep our citizens safe from terrorism and other attacks unless we have access to private data" |
Examples of privacy issues in computing
Face recognition
The increase in cameras and advances in technology means facial recognition is possible, whilst this can mean an advantage in crime prevention/detection, people are concerned about privacy.
Privacy concerns include, what else is being watched? and who is watching?
GPS
GPS is built in to most smart phones and brings with it a number of features that many see as a benefit, 'find my phone' for when it gets lost/stolen, location tagging in photos and for navigation software.
Some users are concerned with where this data is kept? ,who might have access to it? and is it being used for any other purposes?
Internet monitoring
Most schools and businesses use monitoring software to track their students' and employees' internet activity
Social media companies also employ similar tools to detect and remove illegal or harmful content like hate speech, misinformation, or violent threats
Arguments for, these measures promote responsible online behaviour and prevent cyberbullying
Arguments against, concerns about limitations to free speech, potential abuse by authorities who control the monitoring systems, and biased algorithms leading to censorship
Legal & Ethical Issues in Computing
What is a legal issue?
A legal issue is a problem or dispute concerning the interpretation, application, or violation of laws
Examples of legal issues in computing are:
Copyright - The use of other people's content without permission
Cybersecurity - Protecting against hacking, data breaches and all other cybercrimes
Data protection - Responsible collection, storing and use of personal information
These issues are covered in more detail here 'Legislation in Computer Science'
What is an ethical issue?
An ethical issue is a situation that raises questions about what is right and wrong
As technology advances and laws are slow to keep up, ethical issues are more prevalent
Ethical issues call in a person's own morals and values as there is often a lack of an easy answer and decisions can have consequences for yourself and others
Examples of ethical issues in computing
Digital divide
The increasing reliance on computers increases the digital divide, creating inequality between those who have access to technology and those who do not
This can hinder opportunities for education, employment, and economic advancement for disadvantaged groups
Algorithmic bias
Using algorithms in decision-making can unintentionally promote unfair biases, leading to discriminatory outcomes in areas such as:
Job seekers - Factors unrelated to qualifications such as postcode or social media activity
Loans - Denying lending to minority groups
Criminal justice - Racial profiling, harsher sentences for certain groups
Intellectual property
The ease of digital copying and distribution raises ethical questions about protecting intellectual property rights and fair compensation for creators
Digital piracy can lead to significant revenue loss for creators. When consumers access pirated content instead of purchasing it legally, creators are deprived of the revenues they deserve
Automation
The automation of tasks through computers raises ethical concerns about job losses and the potential loss of livelihood for workers
Environmental Issues in Computing
What is an environmental issue?
An environmental issue is an issue caused by manufacturing and use of computers that has a negative impact on the environment
As technology becomes a bigger part of everyday life, the number of devices being manufactured increases
Examples of environmental issues in computing
Natural resources
A great amount of natural resources (metals/plastic) are used during the manufacturing and distribution of components
Energy consumption
An increase in demand for 24/7 access to resources such as web servers and data centres means an increase in the energy needed to maintain them
Throw-away society
As consumption of technology increases and competition in the market expands, the rapid disposal of devices becomes a problem
Pollution caused by the production, distribution and disposal of technology gets higher
The volume of waste in landfill causes environmental contamination
Impacts & Risks of Digital Technology on Society
Exam questions will be taken from the following areas:
Mobile technologies: mobile phones, tablets, laptops etc.
Hacking: gaining unauthorised access to a network/service/device etc.
Wearable technologies: smart watches, fitness trackers etc.
Computer based implants: pacemakers, cochlear implants etc.
Autonomous vehicles: self-driving cars
It is important when structuring a response to consider key stakeholders (not all are applicable to every question):
Customers
Staff
Shareholders
Community
and consider the impacts on key stakeholders such as:
profits
productivity
job loss
reduced overheads
reduced personal service
24/7 access
Example - Wearable technologies
Stakeholder | Impact |
---|---|
Customers | Positives
Negatives
|
Shareholders | Positives
Negatives
|
Community | Positives
Negatives
|
Examiner Tips and Tricks
Planning is crucial for securing the top marks, a structured discussion must take place, weighing up both sides of the argument
Start by bullet pointing 1 positive and 1 negative for each of the issues mentioned in the question
For each bullet point, expand it to explain why it is a positive or negative
They must apply to the context/scenario in the question
Add a conclusion - without it you can't access the top marks!
Tip! do not feel like you have to use all available space, its quality over quantity, try not to waffle!
Worked Example
Harrison is a medical researcher trying to find a cure for a disease. He has a team of hundreds of people carrying out medical testing.
Recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) mean that a computer program could do the work of dozens of researchers in a much shorter time. Harrison decides to increase his use of Artificial Intelligence.
Discuss the issues surrounding this decision. Consider the following in your answer:
ethical issues
legal issues
[6]
How to answer this question
Consider each issue first, can you think of any immediate positive and negatives?
Try not to start writing the first thing that comes into your head, planning will help achieve higher marks and manage your time spent on the question
Remember, there is not a prescriptive list of factors you need to mention, they are looking at how you can use what you have learnt about the issues and apply in a variety of contexts
Indicative Content
Ethical
Replacing people with machines
Loss of jobs
Community will suffer
Working will be completed faster
May find a cure faster
More reliable calculations
Save more lives
Legal
More secure than people seeing personal data
May be at risk if not backed up
May be at risk of threats e.g. hackers
Who is responsible if there is an error
Possible response
Ethical
Replacing people – Using more AI will mean people losing jobs. Losing jobs will lead to higher unemployment.
Cure faster – Using more AI could lead to a cure being found faster, which mean many lives could be saved.
Legal
Secure – Using more AI could improve the security of the patient data being used. Using AI means people do not see the data, improving patient privacy.
Hacks – Using more AI could increase the chance of hackers targeting the network, increasing the chance of data breaches and putting patient data at more risk.
In conclusion, I think Harrison is right to increase his use of AI as the ultimate goal of his work is to help find a cure for a disease which could save lives.
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