Explain how the structure of a copper atom changes when it forms a copper ion, Cu2+.
| ☐ | A | The copper atom loses two electrons | |
| ☐ | B | The copper atom loses two protons | |
| ☐ | C | The copper atom gains two electrons | |
| ☐ | D | The copper atom gains two protons |
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Which element normally reacts to form an ion with a 2+ charge?
| ☐ | A | Sodium | |
| ☐ | B | Magnesium | |
| ☐ | C | Oxygen | |
| ☐ | D | Fluorine |
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An oxygen atom has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16.
This oxygen atom forms the ion O2-.
Which lettered row shows the number of protons and the number of neutrons in this oxide ion, O2-?
| number of protons | number of neutrons | |||
| ☐ | A | 8 | 8 | |
| ☐ | B | 8 | 10 | |
| ☐ | C | 10 | 8 | |
| ☐ | D | 10 | 10 |
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How is a sulfate ion different to a sulfide ion?
| ☐ | A | A sulfide ion contains more atoms in it | |
| ☐ | B | A sulfate ion contains oxygen, a sulfide ion does not contain oxygen | |
| ☐ | C | A sulfide ion is more common | |
| ☐ | D | A sulfate ion has the formula S2-, a sulfide ion has the formula SO42- |
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Ions are electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms.
Which statement about how ions are formed is true?
| ☐ | A | Protons and electrons are gained or lost | |
| ☐ | B | Neutrons are gained or lost | |
| ☐ | C | Electrons are gained or lost | |
| ☐ | D | Protons are gained or lost |
The table below shows three statements about the charge of an atom.
Put a tick (✓) next to the correct statement.
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Atoms have no overall charge because the number of protons and electrons are equal |
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Atoms have no overall charge because the number of protons and neutrons are equal |
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Atoms have an overall positive charge because the number of protons is greater than the number of neutrons |
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Atoms have an overall negative charge because the number of electrons is greater than the number of neutrons |
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Figure 1 shows some statements about ionic bonding.
Put ticks (✓) in the boxes in Figure 1 to show which statements are true and which statements are false
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True |
False |
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Positively and negatively charged ions are held together by strong covalent bonds |
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Positive and negatively charged atoms are held together by strong forces |
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Positively and negatively charged ions are held together by strong forces of electrostatic attraction |
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The formation of positively and negatively charged ions involves the transfer of electrons |
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Figure 1
Use the words from the box to complete the sentences about ionic lattices.
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random protons regular ions positively atoms |
Ionic lattices involve the organisation of ___________ and negatively charged ________ in a __________, repeating arrangement.
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The ions present in iron(III) sulfate are:
iron(III) Fe3+
sulfate SO42-.
Write the formula of iron(III) sulfate using this information.
| ☐ | A | Fe2SO4 | |
| ☐ | B | Fe3(SO4)2 | |
| ☐ | C | Fe2(SO4)3 | |
| ☐ | D | (Fe)2(SO4)3 |
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Sodium has an atomic number of 11.
A sodium atom has a mass number of 23.
This sodium atom is ionised to form a sodium ion with the formula Na+.
Which option shows the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in this sodium ion?
| ☐ | A | 11 protons, 11 electrons, 12 neutrons | |
| ☐ | B | 10 protons, 10 electrons, 12 neutrons | |
| ☐ | C | 11 protons, 10 electrons, 12 neutrons | |
| ☐ | D | 11 protons, 12 electrons, 12 neutrons |
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Ionic compounds contain ions.
The numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons in four particles, W, X, Y and Z, are shown in Figure 15.
| particle | electrons | neutrons | protons |
| W | 9 | 10 | 9 |
| X | 10 | 14 | 12 |
| Y | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Z | 18 | 18 | 16 |
Figure 15
Explain which particle, W, X, Y or Z, is a negative ion.
Lithium fluoride, LiF, is an ionic compound.
It contains lithium cations and fluoride anions.
The electronic configurations of a lithium atom and of a fluorine atom are shown in Figure 16.
Complete Figure 17 to show the electronic configurations and charges of the ions in lithium fluoride.
(4)
Figure 18 shows the ability of different substances to conduct electricity.
| substance | conducts electricity |
| solid calcium chloride | no |
| molten calcium chloride | yes |
| diamond | no |
| zinc | yes |
Explain these results by referring to the structures of the substances.
2 marksCalcium nitrate contains calcium ions and nitrate ions.
Calculate the relative formula mass of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2.
(relative atomic masses: Ca = 40, N = 14, O = 16)
relative formula mass = .....................................................
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Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound containing sodium ions, Na+, and fluoride ions, F-.
The electronic configurations are show below:
| electronic configuration of atoms | |
| sodium | 2.8.1 |
| fluorine | 2.7 |
Which statement explains how sodium and fluorine atoms form the ions in sodium fluoride?
| ☐ | A | The sodium atom gains one electron from the fluorine atom | |
| ☐ | B | The sodium atom and the fluorine atom share one electron each | |
| ☐ | C | The sodium atom transfers one electron to the fluorine atom | |
| ☐ | D | The sodium atom and the fluorine atom both lose one electron |
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The formula of lead(IV) oxide is PbO2.
What is the charge of the lead ion in lead(IV) oxide?
| ☐ | A | 4- | |
| ☐ | B | 2- | |
| ☐ | C | 2+ | |
| ☐ | D | 4+ |
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