Core Practical: Investigating Inks (Edexcel GCSE Chemistry: Combined Science)

Aim:

Investigate how simple distillation and paper chromatography can be used to separate and identify a mixture of food colourings

Part 1- Simple Distillation

• Ink consists of a solvent which has different dyes dissolved in it
• The investigation must thus include analysis of both the solvent and the dyes used
• The solvent must first be separated which can be done by simple distillation
• Solvents tend to have low boiling points than the dyes which tend to be more viscous so it will evaporate first.
• Add anti-bumping granules and heat gently so as not to go past the boiling point
• Record the temperature of boiling point

• A 250 cm³ beaker
• A wooden spill
• A rectangle of chromatography paper
• Four known food colourings labelled A–D
• An unknown mixture of food colourings labelled U
• Five glass capillary tubes
• Paper clip
• Ruler & pencil

Diagram of the apparatus needed for paper chromatography

Practical Tip:

The pencil line must never be below the level of the solvent as the samples will be washed away

Method:

1. Use a ruler to draw a horizontal pencil line 2 cm from the end of the chromatography paper
2. Use a different capillary tube to put a tiny spot of each colouring A, B, C and D on the line
3. Use the fifth tube to put a small spot of the unknown mixture U on the line
4. Make sure each spot is no more than 2-3 mm in diameter and label each spot in pencil
5. Pour water into the beaker to a depth of no more than 1 cm and clip the top of the chromatography paper to the wooden spill. The top end is the furthest from the spots
6. Carefully rest the wooden spill on the top edge of the beaker. The bottom edge of the paper

   should dip into the solvent

7. Allow the solvent to travel undisturbed at least three quarters of the way up the paper
8. Remove the paper and draw another pencil line on the dry part of the paper as close to the wet edge as possible. This is called the solvent front line
9. Measure the distance in mm between the two pencil lines. This is the distance travelled by the water solvent
10. For each of food colour A, B, C and D measure the distance in mm from the start line to the middle of the spot

Results:

Evaluation:

The R_f values of food colours A, B, C and D should be compared to that for the unknown sample as well as a visual comparison being made

Conclusion:

The use of chromatography and R_f values is a viable method of identifying unknown mixtures given reference material

Hazards, risks and precautions

Hazard symbols to show substances that are flammable and harmful to health

• The solvents used in chromatography are often flammable and harmful to health, e.g. ethanol, propan-2-ol or propanone
• The solvents should be kept away from naked flames, e.g. a Bunsen burner
• Avoid contact with the skin and breathing in the vapour
• A fume cupboard can be used for harmful solvents