Atomic Structure (Edexcel GCSE Chemistry: Combined Science)

• Elements are made of tiny particles of matter called atoms
• Each atom is made of subatomic particles called protons, neutrons and electrons
• Their size is so tiny that we can't really compare their masses in conventional units such as kilograms or grams, so a unit called the relative atomic mass is used
• The mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus, because the nucleus contains the heaviest subatomic particles (the neutrons and protons)
• The nucleus is also positively charged due to the protons
• Electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom, contributing very little to its overall mass, but creating a ‘cloud’ of negative charge
• The electrostatic attraction between the positive nucleus and negatively charged electrons orbiting around it is what holds an atom together

The mass of the atom is concentrated in the positively charged nucleus which is attracted to the negatively charged electrons orbiting around it

• The protons, neutrons and electrons that an atom is made up of are called subatomic particles
• These subatomic particles are so small that it is not practical to measure their masses and charges using conventional units (such as grams or coulombs)
• Instead, their masses and charges are compared to each other, and so are called ‘relative atomic masses’ and ‘relative atomic charges’
• These are not actual charges and masses, but rather charges and masses of particles relative to each other
  • Protons and neutrons have a very similar mass, so each is assigned a relative mass of 1
  • Electrons are 1840 times smaller than a proton and neutron, and so their mass is often described as being negligible

• The relative mass and charge of the subatomic particles are:

The Mass & Charge of Subatomic Particles Table

• Atoms are electrically neutral
• This is achieved by having the same number of electrons as protons
• The negative charge of an electron exactly cancels out the positive charge of a proton