Transition Metals
Properties
- Most of the known metals are transition metals and they have typical properties of metals
- They are very lustrous, they are hard, strong and are good conductors of heat and electricity
- They are highly dense metals and have very high melting points
- Transition metals can have more than one oxidation state as they can lose a different number of electrons, depending on the chemical environment they are in
- The melting point, density and common ions of the elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu are shown below
Transition Metals Table
- Compounds containing transition elements in different oxidation states will have different properties and colours in aqueous solutions
The colours produced by ions of the transition elements
Examiner Tip
Note that transition metals themselves do not display a range of colours, it is the compounds they form that are colourful
Applications
Catalysis
- The transition elements are used extensively as catalysts which are substances that speed up the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process
- They do not take part in the reaction
- Their catalytic characteristics stem from their ability to interchange between a range of oxidation states
- This allows them to form complexes with reagents which can easily donate and accept electrons from other chemical species within a reaction system
- Common transition metal catalysts include:
- Iron which is used in the Haber Process
- Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) which is used in the Contact Process to produce sulfuric acid
- Nickel which is used in the hydrogenation of alkenes
Medicine
- The transition metals are also used in medicine and surgical applications such as limb and joint replacement
- Titanium in particular is useful as it is the only element that can bond with bones due to its high biocompatibility
- They are also used to form coloured compounds in dyes and paints for both household and industrial applications
- They are used in creating stained glass, jewellery and in anti-corrosive materials
Examiner Tip
You should be able to recall the typical properties of the transition elements including melting points, density, coloured compounds and catalytic activity.
