Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium (Edexcel GCSE Chemistry)

Reversible Reactions

• Some reactions go to completion, where the reactants are used up to form the product molecules and the reaction stops when the reactants have been exhausted

• In reversible reactions, the product molecules can themselves react with each other or decompose and form the reactant molecules again

• It is said that the reaction can occur in both directions: the forward reaction (which forms the products) and the reverse direction (which forms the reactants)

• When writing chemical equations for reversible reactions, two opposing arrows are used to indicate the forward and reverse reactions occurring at the same time

• Each one is drawn with just half an arrowhead – the top one points to the right, and the bottom one points to the left

• The direction a reversible reaction takes can be changed by changing the reaction conditions

Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Chloride

• Heating ammonium chloride produces ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases:

NH₄Cl (s) → NH₃ (g) + HCl (g)

• As the hot gases cool down they recombine to form solid ammonium chloride

NH₃ (g) + HCl (g) → NH₄Cl (s)  

• So, the reversible reaction is represented like this:

NH₄Cl (s) ⇌ NH₃ (g) + HCl (g)

Dehydration of Hydrated Copper(II) Sulfate

• Reversible reactions can be seen in some hydrated salts

• These are salts that contain water of crystallisation which affects their shape and colour

• Water of crystallisation is the water that is included in the structure of some salts during the crystallisation process

• A common example is copper(II) sulfate which crystallises forming the salt copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO₄.5H₂O

• Water of crystallisation is indicated with a dot written in between the salt and the surrounding water molecules

•  Anhydrous salts are those that have lost their water of crystallisation, usually by heating, in which the salt becomes dehydrated

• When anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is added to water, it turns blue and heat is given off so the reaction is exothermic

• When hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals are heated in a test tube, the blue crystals turn into a white powder and a clear, colourless liquid (water) collects at the top of the test tube

• The equation for the reaction is:

CuSO₄.5H₂O (s) ⇌ CuSO₄ (s)  +  5H₂O (l) 

The dehydration of hydrated salts is often a reversible reaction

Dynamic Equilibrium

• We have already seen that a reversible reaction is one that occurs in both directions

• When during the course of reaction, the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, then the overall reaction is said to be in a state of equilibrium

• Equilibrium is dynamic i.e. the molecules on the left and right of the equation are changing into each other by chemical reactions constantly and at the same rate

• The concentration of reactants and products remains constant (given there is no other change to the system such as temperature and pressure)

• It only occurs in a closed system so that none of the participating chemical species are able to leave the reaction vessel

Equilibrium can only be reached in a closed container

• An example of a dynamic equilibrium is the reaction between H₂ and N₂ in the Haber process

• When only nitrogen and hydrogen are present at the beginning of the reaction, the rate of the forward reaction is at its highest, since the concentrations of hydrogen and nitrogen are at their highest

• As the reaction proceeds, the concentrations of hydrogen and nitrogen gradually decrease, so the rate of the forward reaction will decrease

• However, the concentration of ammonia is gradually increasing and so the rate of the backward reaction will increase (ammonia will decompose to reform hydrogen and nitrogen)

• Since the two reactions are interlinked and none of the gas can escape, the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the backward reaction will eventually become equal and equilibrium is reached:

Diagram showing when the rates of forward and backward reactions become equal