9.4 Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids (Edexcel GCSE Chemistry)
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- Front9.4.1 Alcohols
What are alcohols?
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What are alcohols?
Alcohols are colorless liquids that dissolve in water to form neutral solutions.
What are the first four alcohols commonly used for?
The first four alcohols are commonly used as fuels. Methanol and ethanol are also used extensively as solvents.
Why are methanol and ethanol good solvents?
Methanol and ethanol can dissolve many substances that water cannot, such as fats and oils, but can also dissolve most substances that water can dissolve.
How are alcohols named?
Alcohols are named using the same system as alkanes and alkenes, with the final 'e' being replaced with 'ol'.
Give the name and formula of the first alcohol.
The name and formula of the first alcohol is methanol, CH3OH.
Define the term alcohol.
An organic compound containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom.
Define the term functional group.
A functional group is the specific group of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound.
Define the term hydroxyl group.
A hydroxyl group is the functional group -OH, consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.
True or False?
It is standard practice to write the functional group at the end when naming alcohols.
True.
It is standard practice to write the functional group on the end when naming alcohols, e.g., CH3OH for methanol.
What is the name of the following alcohol?
The name of the alcohol is butanol.
What is a carboxylic acid?
A carboxylic acid is a compound containing the functional group carboxyl, -COOH.
True or False?
The naming of a carboxylic acid follows the pattern alkan + oic acid.
True.
The naming of a carboxylic acid follows the pattern alkan + oic acid.
Which carboxylic acid is found in vinegar?
Vinegar is an aqueous solution of ethanoic acid and contains about 5% of the acid by volume.
What is the molecular formula of methanoic acid?
The molecular formula of methanoic acid is HCOOH.
What is the molecular formula of ethanoic acid?
The molecular formula of ethanoic acid is CH3COOH.
What is the molecular formula of propanoic acid?
The molecular formula of propanoic acid is C2H5COOH.
What is the empirical formula of ethanoic acid?
The empirical formula ethanoic acid is CH2O
What is the molecular formula of butanoic acid?
The molecular formula of butanoic acid is C3H7COOH.
How can ethanoic acid be prepared from ethanol?
Ethanoic acid can be prepared by oxidising ethanol with acidified potassium dichromate solution.
What colour change occurs during the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid?
During the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid, the potassium dichromate solution changes from orange to green.
What is the symbol equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid?
The symbol equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid is:
CH3CH2OH + [O] → CH3COOH + H2O
True or False?
The oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid is a fast reaction at room temperature.
False.
The oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid is a slow reaction and requires heating to its boiling point for about an hour.
What is a homologous series?
A homologous series is a family of organic compounds .
State two characteristics of a homologous series.
Two characteristics of a homologous series could be from:
Similar chemical properties
Gradation in their physical properties
The same functional group
A general formula where each member differs by a CH₂ group.
What is the product of the oxidation of butanol?
The product of the oxidation of butanol is butanoic acid.
What is the name of the following carboxylic acid?
The name of the following carboxylic acid is propanoic acid.
What alcohol is produced by fermentation?
Ethanol is produced by fermentation.
What temperature range is optimal for fermentation?
The optimal temperature range for fermentation is between 15 and 35 °C.
True or False?
Oxygen is required for fermentation.
False.
Oxygen is not required for fermentation.
Which enzyme is involved in fermentation?
Yeast contains enzymes that break down sugar to alcohol.
State the chemical equation for the fermentation of glucose.
The chemical equation for the fermentation of glucose is:
C6H12O6 → 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
What happens to the yeast once the alcohol concentration reaches around 15%?
The yeast is killed off once the alcohol concentration reaches around 15%.
What process is used to purify ethanol after fermentation?
Fractional distillation is used to purify ethanol.
Fermentation occurs without oxygen. What is this type of reaction known as?
A reaction that takes place without oxygen is called anaerobic.
True or False?
Fermentation is a continuous process.
False.
Fermentation is a batch process, not a continuous process
State a use for ethanol.
A use of ethanol could be:
Used in alcoholic drinks
Fuel
Solvent
State the formula for ethanol.
The formula for ethanol is C2H5OH.
