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What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons.
What is a hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon is a compound made up of hydrogen and carbon only.
Why is crude oil considered a finite resource?
Crude oil is a finite resource as it is being used up much faster than it is being formed.
How was crude oil formed?
Crude oil formed over millions of years from the effects of high pressures and temperatures on the remains of plants and animals.
Name two products that are obtained from crude oil.
Products from crude oil can be polymers, lubricants, solvents, detergents and adhesives.
True of False?
Crude oil is a mixture containing different sized hydrocarbon molecules.
True.
Crude oil is a mixture containing different sized hydrocarbon molecules.
True or False?
Each fraction in crude oil consists of groups of hydrocarbons with similar chain lengths.
True.
Each fraction in crude oil consists of groups of hydrocarbons with similar chain lengths.
Define fractional distillation.
Fractional distillation is the process of separating the different fractions of crude oil based on their boiling points.
True or False?
The size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule determines which fraction it will be separated into.
True.
The size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule determines which fraction it will be separated into.
True or False?
As you move up a fractionating column, the temperature increases.
False.
As you move up a fractionating column, the temperature decreases.
What happens to the viscosity of a liquid as the number of carbon atoms increases?
As the number of carbon atoms increases, the viscosity of the liquid increases.
What happens to the volatility of a hydrocarbon liquid as the molecular size increases?
As the molecular size increases, the volatility of a hydrocarbon liquid decreases.
Define the term viscosity.
Viscosity is the ease of flow of a liquid.
What is the use of liquefied petroleum gas?
Liquefied petroleum gas is used for domestic heating & cooking.
True or False?
Kerosene is used as jet fuel.
True.
Kerosene is used as jet fuel (paraffin).
What is diesel used for?
Diesel is used in diesel engines (gas oil).
Give a use of heavy fuel oil.
Heavy fuel oil is used for ships & power stations.
Which fraction is used to surface roads?
The fraction used for surfacing roads is bitumen.
Why do fractions condense inside the fractionation tower?
Fractions condense inside the fractionation tower because their vapours rise and reach a point where the temperature is below their boiling point.
Why does the boiling point of a molecule increase as the molecule becomes larger?
As the molecules get larger, the intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules becomes greater so more energy is needed to overcome them.
Define the term homologous series.
A homologous series is a family or group of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties due to having the same functional group.
What are the characteristics of compounds in the same homologous series?
All members of a homologous series have:
The same general formula
The difference in molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2,
Gradation in their physical properties
Same functional group
Similar chemical properties
Define the term functional group.
A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that determines the chemical properties of that molecule.
What trend is observed in the boiling points of a homologous series?
As the molecules get larger in a homologous series, the boiling points gradually increase due to greater intermolecular forces of attraction.
True or False?
Compounds in the same homologous series have different chemical properties.
False.
Compounds in the same homologous series have similar chemical properties
What are the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
The products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons are carbon dioxide and water.
Define incomplete combustion.
Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen to burn the fuel completely.
What are the products of incomplete combustion?
The products of incomplete combustion are carbon monoxide, carbon (soot) and water.
How does carbon monoxide cause harm?
Carbon monoxide binds well to haemoglobin, preventing it from binding to oxygen and transporting oxygen to organs.
True or False?
Carbon dioxide is not a pollutant causing global warming and climate change.
False.
Carbon dioxide is a pollutant causing global warming and climate change.
Name one place that incomplete combustion can occur.
Incomplete combustion occurs in some appliances such as:
Boilers
Stoves
Internal combustion engines
What is the symbol equation for the complete combustion of propane?
The symbol equation for the complete combustion of propane is:
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
Balance the following symbol equation for the incomplete combustion of ethane.
C2H6 + O2 → CO + H2O
The balanced symbol equation for the incomplete combustion of ethane is:
C2H6 + 2.5O2 → 2CO + 3H2O
Name three gases that the burning of fossil fuels releases.
Three gases that the burning of fossil fuels releases:
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Oxides of nitrogen
Oxides of sulfur
What is a fuel?
A fuel is a substance that is burned to release heat / thermal energy
Name a common impurity in fuels that contributes to acid rain.
A common impurity in fuels that contributes to acid rain is sulfur.
Nitrogen is not accepted.
Where are nitrogen oxides formed?
Nitrogen oxides are formed in the high pressure and temperature conditions of internal combustion engines and blast furnaces.
State the equation for sulfur being oxidised to sulfur dioxide.
The equation for the oxidation of sulfur is:
S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g)
How is acid rain formed from nitrogen and sulfur oxides?
Acid rain is formed by nitrogen and sulfur oxides dissolve in rainwater to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid, respectively.
What are two harmful effects of sulfur dioxide?
Harmful effects of sulfur dioxide include:
Acid rain
Corrosion of buildings and structures
Damage to aquatic organisms
Damage to plant life
Respiratory problems
How do catalytic converters work?
Catalytic converters contain transition metal catalysts that convert pollutant gases to less harmful substances through redox reactions.
State the equation for nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) being reduced to nitrogen and oxygen.
The equations for the reduction of nitrogen oxides are:
2NO → N2 + O2
2NO2 → N2 + 2O2
Name the two gases that contribute to acid rain.
Two gases that contribute to acid rain are nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.
How is sulfur dioxide produced from the burning of fossil fuels?
During combustion, the sulfur impurities in the fossil fuels get oxidised / react with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide.
Write an equation to show the formation of acid rain, H2SO4 (aq), from sulfur dioxide, water and oxygen.
The equation to show the formation of acid rain, H2SO4 (aq), from sulfur dioxide, water and oxygen is:
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) → 2H2SO4 (aq)
What is the symbol equation for the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen?
The symbol equation for the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen is:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
What are the advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel?
Advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel are:
It releases more energy per kilogram than any other fuel (except for nuclear fuels)
It does not pollute as it only produces water on combustion, no other product is formed
What are the disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel?
The disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel are:
Expensive to produce and requires energy for the production process
Difficult and dangerous to store and move around (usually stored as liquid hydrogen in highly pressurised containers)
The production of hydrogen process releases carbon dioxide
What type of reaction occurs when hydrogen and oxygen react to form water?
The type of reaction which occurs when hydrogen and oxygen react to form water is exothermic or combustion.
Define the term fuel.
A fuel is a substance which when burned, releases heat energy
Name two fuels which are known as fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels include:
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
What is the main compound in natural gas?
The main compound in natural gas is methane, CH4.
What type of fuel provides most of the world's energy?
The type of fuel that provides most of the world's energy is fossil fuels.
What is the purpose of cracking?
The purpose of cracking is to convert surplus unwanted fractions of crude oil, such as kerosene and diesel oil, into more useful fractions like petrol (gasoline), alkenes, and hydrogen.
True or False?
The demand for certain fractions outstrips the supply, which is why cracking is necessary.
True.
The demand for certain fractions outstrips the supply, which is why cracking is necessary to convert surplus unwanted fractions into more useful ones.
What are the two methods used for cracking alkanes?
The two methods used for cracking alkanes are:
Catalytic cracking
Steam cracking
True or False?
Cracking is an exothermic reaction.
False.
Cracking is an endothermic reaction.
What is the equation for the cracking of decane to produce octane and ethene?
The equation for the cracking of decane to produce octane and ethene is:
C10H22 → C8H18 + C2H4
True or False?
Alkanes are saturated compounds, and alkenes are unsaturated compounds.
True.
Alkanes are saturated compounds, and alkenes are unsaturated compounds.
Name the catalyst used in catalytic cracking.
The catalyst used in catalytic cracking is:
Alumina / aluminium oxide / Al2O3
OR
Silica / silicon dioxide / SiO2
True or False?
Cracking is a type of substitution reaction.
False:
Cracking is a type of thermal decomposition reaction.
True or False?
Long chain fractions are in high supply but in low demand.
True.
Long chain fractions are in high supply but in low demand.
This explains why they are cracked into more useful, shorter chain alkanes and alkenes.
Name a longer chain fraction of crude oil.
Examples of longer chain fractions of crude oil are:
Fuel oil
Bitumen
State one use for the short chain alkenes formed in cracking.
Making polymers / plastics
Making ethanol
What is formed when a long chain hydrocarbon undergoes cracking?
A long chain hydrocarbon is cracked to form short chain alkanes and short chain alkenes.