Bonding & Substance Properties (AQA GCSE Chemistry)
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Name the interconversion that takes place when a liquid becomes a solid.
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Name the interconversion that takes place when a liquid becomes a solid.
The interconversion that takes place when a liquid becomes a solid is called freezing.
What type of energy allows particles to move in the liquid state?
The type of energy that allows particles to move in the liquid state is kinetic energy.
State what is meant by sublimation.
Sublimation is when a solid changes directly into a gas.
Which state of matter has particles very close together that vibrate about a fixed position?
The solid state state has particles very close together that vibrate about a fixed position.
True or False?
Particles in a liquid move quickly in all directions.
False.
Particles in a liquid have restricted movement and move around each other. Gas particles move quickly in all directions.
True or False?
Energy is needed to change a gas to a liquid.
False.
Energy is released when a gas changes into a liquid.
True or False?
The melting point and freezing point of a substance are the same.
True.
There is no difference between the melting point and freezing point.
What happens to the forces of attraction when a solid turns to a liquid?
When a solid turns to a liquid, the forces of attraction are overcome or broken.
True or False?
The three states of matter are solids, liquids and gases.
True.
The three states of matter are solids, liquids and gases.
What is melting?
Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid.
What is boiling?
Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas at a specific temperature.
What is freezing?
Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid.
What is evaporation?
Evaporation is when a liquid changes into a gas.
What is condensation?
Condensation is when a gas changes into a liquid, usually on cooling.
What does the term interconversion of state mean?
Interconversion of state is the change of matter from one state to another due to changes in temperature or pressure.
State three limitations of particle theory. (Higher tier only)
The limitations of particle theory are:
Does not account for forces of attraction between the particles
Considers all particles as spherical in shape
Does not consider the size of the particles
True or False?
The stronger the forces between the particles, the higher the energy needed for melting and boiling to occur.
True.
The stronger the forces between the particles, the higher the energy needed for melting and boiling to occur.
The boiling point of a substance is 60 oC and its melting point is -5 oC.
What is its state at 40 oC?
The state of the substance at 40 oC is liquid.
The melting point of a substance is -80 oC and its boiling point is -20 oC .
What is its state at 10 oC?
The state of the substance at 10 oC is gaseous.
The melting point of a substance is 256 oC and its boiling point is 800 oC.
What is its state at 80 oC?
The state of the substance at 80 oC is solid.
The melting point of a substance is 1240 oC and its boiling point is 1950 oC.
What is its state at 100 oC?
The state of the substance at 100 oC is solid.
The melting point of a substance is -215.6 oC and the boiling point is -173 oC.
What is the state of the substance at -120 oC?
The state of the substance at -120 oC is gaseous.
The melting point of a substance is 1105 oC and the boiling point is 1450 oC.
What is the state at 1400 oC?
The state of a substance at 1400 oC is liquid.
What happens to particles when a substance boils?
When a substance boils particles gain enough energy for the intermolecular forces to break and the molecules to escape from the surface of the liquid.
True or False?
Particle theory explains how matter changes state depending on the energy and forces present between the particles in the substance.
True.
Particle theory explains how matter changes state depending on the energy and forces present between the particles in the substance.
What does a state symbol show?
State symbols show which physical state each substance is in.
What state is represented by (aq)?
The state that is represented by (aq) is aqueous or in solution.
What state is represented by (g)?
The state that is represented by (g) is gaseous.
What state is represented by (l)?
The state that is represented by (l) is liquid.
What state is represented by (s)?
The state that is represented by (s) is solid.
In the following equation what is the state of carbon dioxide?
H2SO4 (aq) + CuCO3 (aq) ⟶ CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
In the following equation carbon dioxide is in the gaseous state.
H2SO4 (aq) + CuCO3 (aq) ⟶ CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
In the following equation what is the state of sulfuric acid?
H2SO4 (aq) + CuCO3 (aq) ⟶ CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
In the following equation sulfuric acid is in the aqueous state.
H2SO4 (aq) + CuCO3 (aq) ⟶ CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
In the following equation what is the state of water?
2HCl (aq) + CuO (s) ⟶ CuCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
In the following equation water is in the liquid state.
2HCl (aq) + CuO (s) ⟶ CuCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
In the following equation what is the state of copper(II) oxide?
2HCl (aq) + CuO (s) ⟶ CuCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
In the following equation copper(II) is in the solid state.
2HCl (aq) + CuO (s) ⟶ CuCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
Define aqueous.
Aqueous means dissolved in water.
What type of forces hold ionic compounds together?
Ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
True or False?
Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
True.
Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic forces holding the ions together.
What is the structure of ionic compounds called?
The structure of ionic compounds is called a giant ionic lattice.
Are ionic compounds usually solid or liquid at room temperature?
Ionic compounds are usually solid at room temperature.
What are electrostatic forces?
Electrostatic forces are the attractive (or repulsive) forces between charged particles.
Why can an ionic compound conduct electricity when molten or in solution?
An ionic compound conduct electricity when molten or in solution because the ions are free to move and carry a charge.
Describe the structure of a giant ionic lattice.
A giant ionic lattice is a series of positively charged and negatively charged ions arranged in an alternating pattern.
Why do ionic compounds have a high melting and boiling point?
Ionic compounds have high melting points and high boiling point because:
They have a giant structure
Lots of energy is needed to overcome the strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
In an ionic lattice, what direction do the electrostatic forces act in?
In an ionic lattice, electrostatic forces act in all directions.
Why can solid ionic compounds not conduct electricity?
Solid ionic compounds not conduct electricity because the ions cannot move and carry a charge.
True or False?
Simple molecular structures have high melting and boiling points.
False.
Simple molecular structures have low melting and boiling points.
What is the difference between covalent bonds and intermolecular forces?
Covalent bonds are strong bonds that hold atoms together within a molecule, while intermolecular forces are weak attractive forces that exist between different molecules.
True or False?
Covalent compounds are good conductors of electricity.
False.
Covalent compounds are poor conductors of electricity.
What are simple molecular structures?
Simple molecular structures are small molecules with covalent bonds, which have weak forces between the molecules (intermolecular forces).
Why are covalent compounds generally poor conductors of electricity?
Covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity because they do not contain free ions or electrons to carry the current.
True or False?
Covalent bonds break when a covalent substance melts or boils.
False.
Intermolecular forces break when a covalent substance melts or boils..
What happens to melting and boiling points as the relative molecular mass of a substance increases?
As the relative molecular mass of a substance increases, the melting and boiling points also increase due to the increased number of electrons and stronger intermolecular forces.
What are insulators?
Insulators are materials that do not allow the flow of electric charge or heat, and common insulators include plastics, rubber, and wood.
Why do simple molecular structures have low melting and boiling points?
Simple molecular structures have low melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces which require small amounts of energy to overcome.
True or False?
Simple molecular structures are often gases or liquids at room temperature.
True.
Simple molecular structures are often gases or liquids at room temperature.
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a substance consisting of very large molecules made by linking together large numbers of smaller molecules called monomers.
True or False?
Polymers are usually liquid at room temperature.
False.
Polymers are usually solid at room temperature due to larger intermolecular forces between polymer chains compared to simple molecules.
What type of bonds link atoms in polymer molecules?
Covalent bonds link atoms in polymer molecules.
What is a monomer?
A monomer is a small molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
What exists between polymer chains?
Intermolecular forces are between the polymer chains.
What are giant covalent structures?
Giant covalent structures are solids with high melting points, consisting of a huge number of non-metal atoms bonded to other non-metal atoms via strong covalent bonds.
True or False?
Giant covalent structures are also called giant lattices.
True.
Giant covalent structures are also called giant lattices.
Name this giant covalent structure.
This giant covalent structure is graphite.
Name three examples of giant covalent structures.
Three examples of giant covalent structures are diamond, graphite, and silicon dioxide.
Why do giant covalent structures have high melting points?
Giant covalent structures have high melting points because there are many strong covalent bonds between atoms which require lots of energy to overcome.
Name this giant covalent structure.
This giant covalent structure is diamond.
What element makes up diamond and graphite?
Diamond and graphite are made from carbon atoms.
What elements make up silicon dioxide?
Silicon dioxide (silica) is made from silicon and oxygen.
True or False?
Giant covalent structures are gases at room temperature.
False.
Giant covalent structures are solids at room temperature.
True or False?
The ratio of atoms in a giant covalent structure can vary.
False.
Giant covalent structures have a fixed ratio of atoms in the overall structure.
Name this giant covalent structure.
This giant covalent structure is silicon dioxide.
What is an alloy?
An alloy is a mixture of metals, where the metals are mixed together physically but are not chemically combined.
State an advantage of using alloys over pure metals.
Advantages of using alloys over pure metals are:
Greater strength
Greater hardness
Increased resistance to corrosion
Increased resistance to extreme temperatures
True or False?
Alloys can be made from metals mixed with non-metals.
True.
Alloys can also be made from metals mixed with non-metals such as carbon.
Describe the structure of an alloy.
Alloys contain atoms of different sizes which distort the regular arrangement of atoms.
Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals.
The increased hardness and strength of an alloy is caused by the different size atoms which distort the regular arrangements of atoms, preventing the layers of atoms from sliding over each other easily.
True or False?
Alloys are chemically combined mixtures of metals.
False.
Alloys are physical mixtures of metals, where the metals are not chemically combined.
How do properties of alloys differ from pure metals?
Alloys often have greater strength / hardness, or resistance to corrosion / extreme temperatures compared to pure metals.
Why do metals generally have high melting points?
Metals generally have high melting points because:
They have giant structures
There are strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive metal ions and the negative delocalised electrons
These forces need lots of energy to break
Why are metals malleable?
Metals are malleable because the atoms are arranged in layers which can slide over each when force is applied.
True or False?
Alloys contain atoms of different sizes so the layers become distorted .
True.
Alloys contain atoms of different sizes so the layers become distorted .
True or False?
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
True.
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
What is a metallic bond?
The metallic bond is the strong force of attraction between the positive metal ions and the delocalised electrons in a metal structure.
How do metals conduct heat?
Metals can conduct heat as the delocalised electrons are free to move and transfer thermal energy through the structure
True or False?
All metals have the same level of thermal conductivity.
False.
Some metals are better conductors of heat than others.
How do metals conduct electricity?
Metals conduct electricity because the delocalised electrons are able to move through the structure and carry a charge.
True or False?
The metallic bond is a weak force between metal ions and electrons.
False.
The metallic bond is the strong force of attraction between the positive metal ions and the delocalised electrons