Methods of Production (OCR GCSE Business)

Revision Note

Written by: Lisa Eades

Reviewed by: Steve Vorster

Introduction to Production

Production is the transformation of resources (e.g. raw materials, components and labour) into finished goods or services
- Goods are physical products, such as bicycles and T-shirts
- Services are non-physical items such as hairdressing, tourism and manicures

Diagram: the purpose of production

Production transforms raw materials and components into finished goods that can be sold at a profit — **Raw materials are converted into finished goods or services. This process requires production and the productivity of workers or machines**

This process of transforming inputs into outputs (goods and services) adds value to the raw materials
Competitive businesses combine these inputs of resources efficiently, making the most of the resources so as to minimise costs and generate a profit
Operations management focuses on designing, controlling and improving the processes used in the production of goods and services
- It involves overseeing the entire production process, from acquiring raw materials to delivering the final product/service to customers
- Its goal is to ensure that the production process is efficient, cost-effective and meets quality standards

Job Production

Job production is where products are made to meet the specific requirements of individual customers
- Each item is produced separately (a job) and the production process is tailored to the unique specifications of the customer's order

Examples of Job Production

Furniture made to order

Where customers can choose the design, dimensions, materials and finishes

Tailored clothing

Such as wedding suits, where each garment is made to fit the specific preferences of the individual customer

High-end jewellery

Especially those with unique designs or personalised engravings

Custom furniture is usually made by job production

Bespoke clothing is often made using job production

Bespoke jewellery is often made using job production

Job production can add significant levels of added value and can therefore be very profitable
- Specialised products made by skilled craftspeople can command high prices because they are unique and can be made to meet customer needs very precisely
- This advantage could be lost if items were made on a larger scale

An Evaluation of Job Production

Advantages	Disadvantages
Allows for high levels of customisation This allows businesses to cater to the unique needs of consumers It provides the flexibility to adapt to changes in customer demands and market trends Job production allows for great attention to detail and quality control This often means products can be sold for a premium price Job production offers a personalised customer experience as they can be actively involved in the design and creation process This is likely to lead to customer loyalty	Tends to be more expensive and takes longer than other production methods This may not be suitable for customers requiring products to be delivered quickly Job production can be complex and challenging to manage compared to other production methods Coordination between the production team and the customer is needed so that the final product meets expectations Low-volume production is unlikely to allow a business to achieve economies of scale

Advantages

Disadvantages

Allows for high levels of customisation
- This allows businesses to cater to the unique needs of consumers
It provides the flexibility to adapt to changes in customer demands and market trends
Job production allows for great attention to detail and quality control
- This often means products can be sold for a premium price
Job production offers a personalised customer experience as they can be actively involved in the design and creation process
- This is likely to lead to customer loyalty

Tends to be more expensive and takes longer than other production methods
- This may not be suitable for customers requiring products to be delivered quickly
Job production can be complex and challenging to manage compared to other production methods
- Coordination between the production team and the customer is needed so that the final product meets expectations
Low-volume production is unlikely to allow a business to achieve economies of scale

Batch Production

Batch production occurs when products are produced in groups or batches
- A certain quantity of products is produced together before moving on to the next batch
- Each batch goes through the entire production process, from raw materials to the finished product, before the next batch begins
- Batches are usually of a standardised size and composition and follow a certain sequence of operations

Medicines, food and household products tend to be produced in batches — **Batch production is a common approach used in industries including pharmaceuticals, beauty products and food processing**

Batch production is a suitable production method for industries that deal with diverse product ranges and varying customer needs

An Evaluation of Batch Production

Advantages	Disadvantages
Batch production allows manufacturers to switch between batches and cater for varying customer demands It can be cost-effective when producing items in smaller quantities It allows a business to benefit to some extent from purchasing economies of scale, as larger quantities of stock may be purchased than with job production Quality issues can be identified and defects can be rectified within a specific batch before moving on to the next Batch production can tailor each batch to meet specific customer requirements	Setting up the equipment and configuring the production line for each batch can be time-consuming Often leads to the accumulation of stock, which requires storage and careful management to avoid wastage Batch production is not as adaptable as other production methods, such as flow production Rapid changes in product demand or frequent product variations may be difficult to manage Frequent start-up and shutdown of machinery can put additional stress on equipment, requiring regular maintenance and repairs

Advantages

Disadvantages

Batch production allows manufacturers to switch between batches and cater for varying customer demands
It can be cost-effective when producing items in smaller quantities
It allows a business to benefit to some extent from purchasing economies of scale, as larger quantities of stock may be purchased than with job production
Quality issues can be identified and defects can be rectified within a specific batch before moving on to the next
Batch production can tailor each batch to meet specific customer requirements

Setting up the equipment and configuring the production line for each batch can be time-consuming
Often leads to the accumulation of stock, which requires storage and careful management to avoid wastage
Batch production is not as adaptable as other production methods, such as flow production
- Rapid changes in product demand or frequent product variations may be difficult to manage
Frequent start-up and shutdown of machinery can put additional stress on equipment, requiring regular maintenance and repairs

Flow Production

Flow production involves the manufacture of a product in a continuous sequence of operations on a production line
- It involves the movement of materials or components through a series of workstations or machines
  - Each workstation performs a specific task or operation
- As a product moves along the production line, it undergoes a series of operations, such as assembly, testing, packaging or quality control, until it is completed

Olive oil production line with numerous workstations — **Large olive oil producers use flow production to manufacture standardised products**

This method is commonly used in industries that produce high volumes of standardised products, such as vehicles and consumer electronics

An Evaluation of Flow Production

Advantages	Disadvantages
The continuous flow of production eliminates the need for frequent equipment start-ups and shutdowns This reduces energy consumption and minimises waste Unit costs are low due to automation and processes that can be carried out by unskilled workers, and costs are spread across a large volume of output It is often easy to identify and address any defects early on in the production process It enables fast production, resulting in short lead times, which help companies respond quickly to customer demands	Installing production lines often requires significant capital investment It relies on the reliability and efficiency of equipment and machinery If any part of the production line breaks down, it can disrupt the entire process, leading to costly downtime. If a defect is detected, the entire production line may need to be stopped, resulting in substantial losses and delays Relies on a steady supply of components and raw materials Any disruption in the supply chain can have a severe impact on production

Advantages

Disadvantages

The continuous flow of production eliminates the need for frequent equipment start-ups and shutdowns
- This reduces energy consumption and minimises waste
Unit costs are low due to automation and processes that can be carried out by unskilled workers, and costs are spread across a large volume of output
It is often easy to identify and address any defects early on in the production process
It enables fast production, resulting in short lead times, which help companies respond quickly to customer demands

Installing production lines often requires significant capital investment
It relies on the reliability and efficiency of equipment and machinery
- If any part of the production line breaks down, it can disrupt the entire process, leading to costly downtime.
If a defect is detected, the entire production line may need to be stopped, resulting in substantial losses and delays
Relies on a steady supply of components and raw materials
- Any disruption in the supply chain can have a severe impact on production

Examiner Tips and Tricks

In the exam, you may be asked to recommend an appropriate production method. You should consider factors such as the cost of production, customer expectations and the level of demand. Your answer will need to refer to the business context.

Last updated: 25 June 2024

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Methods of Production (OCR GCSE Business)

Revision Note

Introduction to Production

Diagram: the purpose of production

Job Production

Batch Production

Flow Production

Examiner Tips and Tricks

You've read 0 of your 10 free revision notes

Unlock more, it's free!

Join the 100,000+ Students that ❤️ Save My Exams

Author: Lisa Eades

Author: Steve Vorster