External (Inorganic) Business Growth (Edexcel GCSE Business)

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Steve Vorster

Written by: Steve Vorster

Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn

External (Inorganic) Business Growth

  • Firms will often grow organically to the point where they are in a financial position to integrate (merge or takeover) with others

    • Integration in the form of mergers or takeovers results in rapid business growth and is referred to as external or  inorganic growth

  • A merger occurs when two or more companies combine to form a new company

    • The original companies cease to exist and their assets and liabilities are transferred to the newly created entity

  • A takeover occurs when one company purchases another company, often against its will

    • The acquiring company buys a controlling stake in the target company's shares (>50%) and gains control of its operations 

  • There are several reasons why companies may choose to pursue mergers and takeovers

    1. Strategic fit
      A company may acquire another company to expand into new markets, diversify its product offerings, or gain access to new technology E.g. in 2010 Kraft Foods purchased Cadbury's to increase its product offering and expand business sales in the United Kingdom

    2. Lower unit costs
      Larger companies are able to achieve lower unit costs as they receive many benefits from being large (e.g. bulk purchase discounts on supplies and better interest rates from banks on loans) 

    3. Synergies
      Synergies are the benefits that result from the combination of two or more companies, such as increased revenue, cost savings, or improved product offerings

    4. Elimination of competition
      Takeovers are often used to eliminate competition and the acquiring company increases its market share. E.g. Meta, the parent company of Facebook purchased WhatsApp in 2014 and continued to run the messaging service alongside their own Facebook Messenger

    5. Shareholder value
      Mergers and takeovers can also be used to create value for shareholders. By combining companies, shareholders can benefit from increased profits, dividends and higher stock prices

Types of External (Inorganic) Growth

  • Inorganic growth usually takes place when firms merge in one of two ways

    • Vertical integration (forward or backwards)

    • Horizontal integration

3-1-2-how-businesses-grow_edexcel-al-economics

A diagram that illustrates how a firm can grow through forward or backward vertical integration

  • Forward vertical integration involves a merger or takeover with a firm further forward in the supply chain

    • E.g. A dairy farmer merges with an ice cream manufacturer

  • Backward vertical integration involves a merger/takeover with a firm further backwards in the supply chain

    • E.g. An ice cream retailer takes over an ice cream manufacturer

An Explanation of the Advantages & Disadvantages of Each Type of Growth

Type of Growth

Advantages

Disadvantages

Vertical Integration
(Inorganic growth)

  • Reduces the cost of production as middleman profits are eliminated

  • Lower costs make the firm more competitive

  • Greater control over the supply chain
    reduces risk as access to raw materials is more certain

  • The quality of raw materials can be controlled

  • Forward integration adds additional profit as the profits from the next stage of production are assimilated

  • Forward integration can increase brand visibility

  • There may be unnecessary duplication of employee or management roles

  • There can be a culture clash between the two firms that have merged

  • Possibly little expertise in running the new firm results in inefficiencies

  • The price paid for the new firm may take a long time to recoup

Horizontal Integration
(Inorganic growth)

  • The rapid increase of market share

  • Reductions in the cost per unit due to receiving more beneficial terms for bulk purchases

  • Reduces competition

  • Existing knowledge of the industry means the merger is more likely to be successful

  • The firm may gain new knowledge or expertise

  • Unit costs may increase for example due to unnecessary duplication of management roles

  • There can be a culture clash between the two firms that have merged

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Steve Vorster

Author: Steve Vorster

Expertise: Economics & Business Subject Lead

Steve has taught A Level, GCSE, IGCSE Business and Economics - as well as IBDP Economics and Business Management. He is an IBDP Examiner and IGCSE textbook author. His students regularly achieve 90-100% in their final exams. Steve has been the Assistant Head of Sixth Form for a school in Devon, and Head of Economics at the world's largest International school in Singapore. He loves to create resources which speed up student learning and are easily accessible by all.

Jenna Quinn

Author: Jenna Quinn

Expertise: Head of New Subjects

Jenna studied at Cardiff University before training to become a science teacher at the University of Bath specialising in Biology (although she loves teaching all three sciences at GCSE level!). Teaching is her passion, and with 10 years experience teaching across a wide range of specifications – from GCSE and A Level Biology in the UK to IGCSE and IB Biology internationally – she knows what is required to pass those Biology exams.