Sources of Finance (AQA GCSE Business)
Revision Note
Internal Sources of Finance
An internal source of finance is money that comes from within a business
The Main Sources of Internal Finance
Personal Savings | Retained Profit | Sale of Assets |
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Business owners often prefer using internal finance as it avoids having to pay interest on borrowing or dilution of control by selling shares
Personal savings
Personal savings are a key source of funds when a business first starts up
Owners may introduce their savings or another lump sum, e.g. money received following a redundancy
Owners may invest more as the business grows or if there is a specific need, e.g. a short-term cash flow problem
Retained profit
Retained profit is the surplus of revenue over costs that has been generated in previous years and not distributed to owners
This is a cheap source of finance, as it does not involve borrowing and associated interest and arrangement fees
The opportunity cost of investing the money back into the business is that shareholders do not receive extra profit for their investment
Selling assets
Selling non-current assets that are no longer required (e.g. machinery, land, buildings) generates finance
A sale and leaseback arrangement may be made if a business wants to continue to use an asset but needs cash
The business sells a non-current asset (most likely a building) for which it receives cash
The business then rents the premises from the new owners
E.g. In early 2023, Sainsbury’s announced that it was in talks to sell the prime retail property for £500 million, which will then be leased back to them by the new owners, LXi Reit
Businesses may also sell inventory at reduced prices in order to raise additional finance
This reduces the risk and storage costs of holding large volumes of inventory
It must be done carefully to avoid disappointing customers if inventory runs low
E.g. Clothing retail businesses commonly hold January sales to get rid of old inventory and make space for new Spring product lines
If a business has sufficient internal finance, it is often preferable to using external sources
Evaluating Internal Sources of Finance
Advantages | Disadvantages |
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External Sources of Finance
An external source of finance is money that is introduced into the business from outside
External finance is used when a business cannot fulfil its needs with internal sources of finance
The Main Sources of External Finance
Overdrafts | Trade Credit | Loans |
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Share Capital | Hire Purchase | Government Grants |
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The implications of the different types of external finance need to be carefully considered
Interest and fees to arrange finance can vary significantly between financial providers
The percentage of company ownership required in exchange for finance depends on how much risk investors are willing to take
The length of time allowed to repay borrowings or achieve investment targets also varies
Overdrafts
An overdraft is a flexible arrangement for a business current account holder to spend more money than they have in their account
Some large businesses rely heavily on overdrafts to manage working capital
A limit is agreed upon, and interest is charged only when a business ‘goes overdrawn
Overdraft users are typically charged interest at a daily rate
Using an overdraft for a long period can therefore be expensive compared to other methods
An overdraft may be ‘called in’ if the bank is concerned about a business's ability to repay what it owes
This means that the overdraft facility is no longer available for a business to use
Trade credit
Trade credit is where a business has an agreement to delay paying suppliers for a typical period of 30 to 90 days
This helps to improve the cash flow position of the business
Trade credit is usually interest-free
Large businesses tend to be able to request more generous trade credit terms from suppliers than small businesses
However, businesses using trade credit may miss out on early payment discounts
Trade credit is not normally available to new customers
Finance from loans
A sum of money is borrowed from a bank or other financial provider and repaid with a fixed interest rate over a specific period of time
The loan application must be approved before funds are transferred to the business
This may require a convincing business plan containing financial forecasts
Some financial providers demand collateral before a loan is granted
Long-term loans, known as mortgages, are used to fund the purchase of buildings and land
Repayment is in installments, typically over a long period of 25 or more years
Mortgages often have variable interest rates, so the cost of repayments can fluctuate
Finance from selling shares
A private limited company can raise finance by selling shares to friends, family or private investors such as business angels
Ownership can be limited to those with a personal interest in the business
Public limited companies can raise large amounts of finance through the initial sale of shares during stock market flotation or through a rights issue
Ownership of a business is diluted across a large number of shareholders
Debentures are long-term loan certificates issued by limited companies to shareholders
Debentures must be repaid with a fixed rate of interest to lenders
Venture capitalists may invest technological expertise, financial advice and management experience in return for a share in the business
Their investment is usually made for a fixed period of time, typically four to six years, during which they expect their investment to have gained value
Hire purchase
Instead of purchasing and owning assets outright, businesses can opt to lease or use hire purchase agreements
A business acquires equipment such as machinery or vehicles, spreading the cost of its use over time
This is not a method to raise capital but allows the business use of an asset they would otherwise need to purchase
A business does not own the assets that are leased, and only owns hire-purchase assets once the final payment is made
Businesses commonly use these arrangements for equipment such as company cars (leasing) or photocopiers (hire purchase)
Government grants
These are sums of money provided to the business by governments and some outside agencies
They do not usually have to be repaid
The money is often provided with certain conditions attached, such as the business must locate in a particular area in order to create jobs
Obtaining grants can be quite difficult, as many businesses compete for the same limited finance
Other external sources of finance
Businesses also access finance through the use of credit cards or charge cards
These are particularly useful as a means to allow employees to make small purchases that are centrally paid
Interest charges can be high so their use is carefully monitored
Examiner Tip
A business is likely to consider internal sources of finance before they take on the burden of making repayments with interest or sharing ownership by selling shares.
Choosing Appropriate Sources of Finance
There are many factors that managers must consider before deciding upon the type and source of finance required
They may need to use more than one source of finance at the same time
Diagram: factors affecting the choice of finance
Factors including timescale, cost, purpose, and the level of existing debt affect the choice of finance
Finance managers frequently have to make recommendations to their CEOs about the most suitable form of financing to use
An Explanation of the Factors Affecting the Choice of Finance
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What is the purpose of obtaining finance? |
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How long is the finance required, and when can it be paid back? |
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How much finance is needed? |
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What is the legal structure of the business? |
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How much risk is involved? |
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How much control and ownership does the company want to keep? |
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Case Study
SOLE TRADER
A small retail store selling fashion trainers has sold large quantities of stock since an influencer promoted the store on TikTok and Instagram. It needs to quickly replenish its stock. The sole trader, Toby, is considering using his existing overdraft or trade credit.
Explain the most suitable source of finance for this business.
Key considerations
New stock is needed quickly so the existing overdraft facility on his bank account could be an instant source of finance
Trade credit means he would not have to pay for stock straight away, which would avoid cashflow problems as stock can be sold before payment to the supplier is due
Recommendation
An overdraft is a short-term source of finance and Toby will have to pay interest on the amount that he uses
Trade credit would ease financial pressure as stock is replenished and he may receive a discount when he sets up the agreement
Most finance managers would recommend to Toby that he first seek trade credit. If he is unable to secure that, then he should consider using his overdraft facility
Case Study
PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY
A very successful private limited company manufactures and sells wooden tables and chairs. It has been running for 15 years and has an excellent reputation. It has previously reinvested profits to fund expansion. It now needs more finance to fund growth into new markets.
Explain the most suitable source of finance for this company.
Key considerations
The business is a limited company, so selling shares to family and friends is an option to raise a limited amount
With 15 years of success, it is less of a risk than a new start-up, so a bank loan could be obtained
The scenario indicates that reinvesting profits will not be enough to finance growth plans
Recommendation
A bank loan could be easy to obtain due to business success over the last 15 years. Repayments are spread over several years and interest must be paid
The business could issue new shares to existing shareholders, which may increase their investment due to business success as family and friends may want to be part of its exciting growth plans
The decision will depend upon how much control and ownership the business owner may lose by issuing more shares
Most finance managers would recommend obtaining a bank loan, as this is often preferable to losing ownership and a share of future profits
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