Sources of Finance (AQA GCSE Business)

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Internal Sources of Finance

  • An internal source of finance is money that comes from within a business

The Main Sources of Internal Finance

Personal Savings

Retained Profit

Sale of Assets

  • Money saved up by a businesses owner and invested into their own enterprise

  • Profit made in previous years that is available to reinvest in a business

  • Money from the sale of equipment, vehicles land, buildings or reduced-price inventory

  • Business owners often prefer using internal finance as it avoids having to pay interest on borrowing or dilution of control by selling shares

Personal savings

  • Personal savings are a key source of funds when a business first starts up

    • Owners may introduce their savings or another lump sum, e.g. money received following a redundancy

    • Owners may invest more as the business grows or if there is a specific need, e.g. a short-term cash flow problem 

Retained profit

  • Retained profit is the surplus of revenue over costs that has been generated in previous years and not distributed to owners

    • This is a cheap source of finance, as it does not involve borrowing and associated interest and arrangement fees

  • The opportunity cost of investing the money back into the business is that shareholders do not receive extra profit for their investment

Selling assets

  • Selling non-current assets that are no longer required (e.g. machinery, land, buildings) generates finance

  • A sale and leaseback arrangement may be made if a business wants to continue to use an asset but needs cash

    • The business sells a non-current asset (most likely a building) for which it receives cash

    • The business then rents the premises from the new owners

      • E.g. In early 2023, Sainsbury’s announced that it was in talks to sell the prime retail property for £500 million, which will then be leased back to them by the new owners, LXi Reit

  • Businesses may also sell inventory at reduced prices in order to raise additional finance

    • This reduces the risk and storage costs of holding large volumes of inventory

    • It must be done carefully to avoid disappointing customers if inventory runs low

      • E.g. Clothing retail businesses commonly hold January sales to get rid of old inventory and make space for new Spring product lines

  • If a business has sufficient internal finance, it is often preferable to using external sources

Evaluating Internal Sources of Finance

Advantages

Disadvantages

  • Internal finance is often free (e.g. it does not involve the payment of  interest or charges)

  • It does not involve third parties who may want to influence business decisions

  • Internal finance can often be organised quickly and without significant paperwork

  • Businesses that may fail credit checks (necessary for a bank loan) can access internal finance sources more easily

  • There is a significant opportunity cost involved in the use of internal finance, e.g. once retained profit has been used, it is not available for other purposes

  • Internal finance may not be sufficient to meet the needs of the business

  • Using an internal finance method is rarely as tax-efficient as many external methods, e.g. loan repayments may be treated as a business cost and offset against tax

External Sources of Finance

  • An external source of finance is money that is introduced into the business from outside 

    • External finance is used when a business cannot fulfil its needs with internal sources of finance

The Main Sources of External Finance

Overdrafts

Trade Credit

Loans

  • A flexible arrangement with a bank to allow a business to spend more than it has in its account

  • An agreement with a supplier to receive goods now and pay for them at a later date (typically after 30 days)

  • A sum of money borrowed and repaid (with interest) over a determined period of time

Share Capital

Hire Purchase

Government Grants

  • Money raised from the sale of shares

  • A business acquires equipment such as machinery or vehicles, spreading the cost of its use over time

  • An amount of money that does not have to be repaid, given by a government to business for a defined purpose

  • The implications of the different types of external finance need to be carefully considered

    • Interest and fees to arrange finance can vary significantly between financial providers

    • The percentage of company ownership required in exchange for finance depends on how much risk investors are willing to take

    • The length of time allowed to repay borrowings or achieve investment targets also varies

Overdrafts

  • An overdraft is a flexible arrangement for a business current account holder to spend more money than they have in their account

  • Some large businesses rely heavily on overdrafts to manage working capital

    • A limit is agreed upon, and interest is charged only when a business ‘goes overdrawn

    • Overdraft users are typically charged interest at a daily rate

      • Using an overdraft for a long period can therefore be expensive compared to other methods

    • An overdraft may be ‘called in’ if the bank is concerned about a business's ability to repay what it owes

      • This means that the overdraft facility is no longer available for a business to use

Trade credit

  • Trade credit is where a business has an agreement to delay paying suppliers for a typical period of 30 to 90 days

    • This helps to improve the cash flow position of the business 

    • Trade credit is usually interest-free

    • Large businesses tend to be able to request more generous trade credit terms from suppliers than small businesses

    • However, businesses using trade credit may miss out on early payment discounts

    • Trade credit is not normally available to new customers

Finance from loans

  • A sum of money is borrowed from a bank or other financial provider and repaid with a fixed interest rate over a specific period of time 

    • The loan application must be approved before funds are transferred to the business

      • This may require a convincing business plan containing financial forecasts

      • Some financial providers demand collateral before a loan is granted

    • Long-term loans, known as mortgages, are used to fund the purchase of buildings and land

      • Repayment is in installments, typically over a long period of 25 or more years

      • Mortgages often have variable interest rates, so the cost of repayments can fluctuate

Finance from selling shares

  • A private limited company can raise finance by selling shares to friends, family or private investors such as business angels

    • Ownership can be limited to those with a personal interest in the business

  • Public limited companies can raise large amounts of finance through the initial sale of shares during stock market flotation or through a rights issue

    • Ownership of a business is diluted across a large number of shareholders

  • Debentures are long-term loan certificates issued by limited companies to shareholders

    • Debentures must be repaid with a fixed rate of interest to lenders

  • Venture capitalists may invest technological expertise, financial advice and management experience in return for a share in the business

    • Their investment is usually made for a fixed period of time, typically four to six years, during which they expect their investment to have gained value

Hire purchase

  • Instead of purchasing and owning assets outright, businesses can opt to lease or use hire purchase agreements

    • A business acquires equipment such as machinery or vehicles, spreading the cost of its use over time

      • This is not a method to raise capital but allows the business use of an asset they would otherwise need to purchase

      • A business does not own the assets that are leased, and only owns hire-purchase assets once the final payment is made

  • Businesses commonly use these arrangements for equipment such as company cars (leasing) or photocopiers (hire purchase)

Government grants

  • These are sums of money provided to the business by governments and some outside agencies

    • They do not usually have to be repaid

    • The money is often provided with certain conditions attached, such as the business must locate in a particular area in order to create jobs

    • Obtaining grants can be quite difficult, as many businesses compete for the same limited finance

Other external sources of finance

  • Businesses also access finance through the use of credit cards or charge cards

    • These are particularly useful as a means to allow employees to make small purchases that are centrally paid

    • Interest charges can be high so their use is carefully monitored

Examiner Tip

A business is likely to consider internal sources of finance before they take on the burden of making repayments with interest or sharing ownership by selling shares.

Choosing Appropriate Sources of Finance

  • There are many factors that managers must consider before deciding upon the type and source of finance required

    • They may need to use more than one source of finance at the same time

Diagram: factors affecting the choice of finance

Several factors affect the suitability of the choice of finance such as the timescale, the cost, the purpose, the legal structure of the business, the willingness to relinquish control, and the level of existing debt

Factors including timescale, cost, purpose, and the level of existing debt affect the choice of finance

  • Finance managers frequently have to make recommendations to their CEOs about the most suitable form of financing to use

An Explanation of the Factors Affecting the Choice of Finance


Factor to Consider


Explanation

What is the purpose of obtaining finance?

  • Fixed assets are most likely to need a long-term source of finance, such as a bank loan

  • Day-to-day costs such as rent and wages could be covered by a short-term overdraft

How long is the finance required, and when can it be paid back?

  • Overdrafts are a short term option to help a firm that needs a smaller amount of finance urgently

  • Mortgages can be paid back over many years

How much finance is needed?

  • Large amounts of capital can be raised through the issue of shares to family and friends, or through a flotation on a stock exchange

  • Smaller sums may be accessed through business credit cards or overdrafts

What is the legal structure of the business?

  • Businesses which are already Public Limited Companies can issue shares or debentures

  • Sole traders often rely on owners' capital

How much risk is involved? 

  • Businesses with existing loans may have high gearing and pay high rates of interest as they are seen as risky

  • Leasing involves little risk as assets can be returned if finance costs are not paid

How much control and ownership does the company want to keep?

  • If limited companies issue too many shares, the current owners may lose some control of the business

  • Borrowing retains control, though interest is payable

Case Study

SOLE TRADER

A small retail store selling fashion trainers has sold large quantities of stock since an influencer promoted the store on TikTok and Instagram. It needs to quickly replenish its stock. The sole trader, Toby, is considering using his existing overdraft or trade credit.

Explain the most suitable source of finance for this business.

Key considerations

  • New stock is needed quickly so the existing overdraft facility on his bank account could be an instant source of finance

  • Trade credit means he would not have to pay for stock straight away, which would avoid cashflow problems as stock can be sold before payment to the supplier is due

Recommendation

  • An overdraft is a short-term source of finance and Toby will have to pay interest on the amount that he uses

  • Trade credit would ease financial pressure as stock is replenished and he may receive a discount when he sets up the agreement

  • Most finance managers would recommend to Toby that he first seek trade credit. If he is unable to secure that, then he should consider using his overdraft facility

Case Study

PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY

A very successful private limited company manufactures and sells wooden tables and chairs. It has been running for 15 years and has an excellent reputation. It has previously reinvested profits to fund expansion. It now needs more finance to fund growth into new markets.

Explain the most suitable source of finance for this company.

Key considerations

  • The business is a limited company, so selling shares to family and friends is an option to raise a limited amount 

  • With 15 years of success, it is less of a risk than a new start-up, so a bank loan could be obtained

  • The scenario indicates that reinvesting profits will not be enough to finance growth plans

Recommendation

  • A bank loan could be easy to obtain due to business success over the last 15 years. Repayments are spread over several years and interest must be paid

  • The business could issue new shares to existing shareholders, which may increase their investment due to business success as family and friends may want to be part of its exciting growth plans

  • The decision will depend upon how much control and ownership the business owner may lose by issuing more shares

  • Most finance managers would recommend obtaining a bank loan, as this is often preferable to losing ownership and a share of future profits

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