Sectors of Industry (AQA GCSE Business)
Revision Note
Written by: Lisa Eades
Reviewed by: Steve Vorster
An Introduction to the Sectors of Industry
Businesses can be classified according to the industrial sector in which they operate
This aids comparisons between firms in the same sector
However, it does not capture the full complexity of the business world
Some businesses operate across more than one sector of industry
E.g. Large oil companies such as Shell extract (primary), refine (secondary) and sell (tertiary) fuel through a large network of gas stations
Diagram: The main Sectors of Industry
Businesses operate in the primary, secondary or tertiary sector
Primary Sector
The primary sector is concerned with the extraction of raw materials from land, sea or air
Examples include farming, mining, forestry and fishing
In the UK, around 2% of the working population is employed in businesses in the primary sector
Less developed economies are primarily focused on the primary sector, with most people employed in agriculture and the production of food
There has been a global trend away from employment in primary sector industries over the last two decades
Only in the least developed nations is the proportion of the workforce employed in the primary sector consistently high
This is partly as a result of lower participation rates in education and a lack of infrastructure to support manufacturing or service provision
Some developed economies, such as Australia (viticulture or wine production) and Norway (forestry and oil extraction), continue to have significant primary sectors
Graph: Employment in Primary Industries in some Countries Since 1991
Employment in primary sector industries in Malawi, Haiti, China, Egypt and Germany since 1991
(Source: WorldBank)
Graph analysis
Malawi retains the highest proportion of employment in the primary sector
China has seen a significant decrease in primary sector activity since 1991
Germany has a small primary sector with an economy focused on manufacturing and services well before 1991
Secondary Sector
The secondary sector is concerned with the processing of raw materials and components
Examples include oil refinement and the manufacture of goods such as vehicles
In the UK, around 22% of the working population is employed in businesses in the secondary sector
In emerging economies, improved technology enables less labour to be needed in the primary sector and more workers to be employed in the secondary sector
The proportion of workers employed in manufacturing has risen over the last few decades
Many businesses have relocated production facilities to take advantage of the lower average wage rates in these economies
Graph: Employment in Secondary Industries in some Countries Since 1991
Employment in secondary sector industries in China, India, Turkey, Brazil and Ghana since 1991
(Source: WorldBank)
Graph analysis
China has the highest proportion of employment in the secondary sector, though it is declining
Ghana and India have seen significant increases in secondary sector activity since 1991
Brazil and Turkey's secondary sectors have remained relatively stable over the period 1991 to 2019
Tertiary Sector
The tertiary sector is concerned with the provision of a wide range services for consumers and other businesses such as leisure, banking or hospitality
It includes a sub-sector called the quaternary sector, which is concerned with the provision of knowledge-focused services related to IT technology, consultancy or research
In the UK, around 76% of the working population is employed in businesses in the tertiary sector
Emerging economies have experienced growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors in recent years, with many businesses now focused on the provision of consumer services
The most developed economies have a very high proportion of the workforce employed in the provision of services, increasing focus on the quaternary sector
Developed economies use their wealth to fund advanced education and higher-level skills training, which further supports the growth of these industries
Graph: Employment in Tertiary Industries in some Countries Since 1991
Employment in tertiary sector industries in the USA, Germany, South Africa, Ecuador and Thailand since 1991
(Source: WorldBank)
Graph analysis
Highly-developed economies such as the US and Germany have the highest proportion of their workforces employed in the service industry
Thailand's service sector employs twice as many employees in 2019 as it did in 1991
Around half of Ecuador's workforce is now employed in service delivery
Examiner Tips and Tricks
Make sure that you can define and identify examples within each sector. This is a common focus for 'state' and multiple-choice questions.
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