Sectors of Industry (AQA GCSE Business)

Revision Note

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Lisa Eades

Written by: Lisa Eades

Reviewed by: Steve Vorster

An Introduction to the Sectors of Industry

  • Businesses can be classified according to the industrial sector in which they operate

    • This aids comparisons between firms in the same sector

    • However, it does not capture the full complexity of the business world

      • Some businesses operate across more than one sector of industry

      • E.g. Large oil companies such as Shell extract (primary), refine (secondary) and sell (tertiary) fuel through a large network of gas stations

Diagram: The main Sectors of Industry

Businesses can operate in one of more of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors

Businesses operate in the primary, secondary or tertiary sector

Primary Sector

  • The primary sector is concerned with the extraction of raw materials from land, sea or air

    • Examples include farming, mining, forestry and fishing

  • In the UK, around 2% of the working population is employed in businesses in the primary sector

  • Less developed economies are primarily focused on the primary sector, with most people employed in agriculture and the production of food

    • There has been a global trend away from employment in primary sector industries over the last two decades

    • Only in the least developed nations is the proportion of the workforce employed in the primary sector consistently high

    • This is partly as a result of lower participation rates in education and a lack of infrastructure to support manufacturing or service provision 

  • Some developed economies, such as Australia (viticulture or wine production) and Norway (forestry and oil extraction), continue to have significant primary sectors

Graph: Employment in Primary Industries in some Countries Since 1991

screenshot-2024-01-11-at-12-10-54


Employment in primary sector industries in Malawi, Haiti, China, Egypt and Germany since 1991

(Source: WorldBank)

Graph analysis

  • Malawi retains the highest proportion of employment in the primary sector

  • China has seen a significant decrease in primary sector activity since 1991

  • Germany has a small primary sector with an economy focused on manufacturing and services well before 1991

Secondary Sector

  • The secondary sector is concerned with the processing of raw materials and components

    • Examples include oil refinement and the manufacture of goods such as vehicles

  • In the UK, around 22% of the working population is employed in businesses in the secondary sector

  • In emerging economies, improved technology enables less labour to be needed in the primary sector and more workers to be employed in the secondary sector

    • The proportion of workers employed in manufacturing has risen over the last few decades

    • Many businesses have relocated production facilities to take advantage of the lower average wage rates in these economies

Graph: Employment in Secondary Industries in some Countries Since 1991

screenshot-2024-01-11-at-12-26-20

Employment in secondary sector industries in China, India, Turkey, Brazil and Ghana since 1991

(Source: WorldBank)

Graph analysis

  • China has the highest proportion of employment in the secondary sector, though it is declining

  • Ghana and India have seen significant increases in secondary sector activity since 1991

  • Brazil and Turkey's secondary sectors have remained relatively stable over the period 1991 to 2019

Tertiary Sector

  • The tertiary sector is concerned with the provision of a wide range services for consumers and other businesses such as leisure, banking or hospitality

    • It includes a sub-sector called the quaternary sector, which is concerned with the provision of knowledge-focused services related to IT technology, consultancy or research

  • In the UK, around 76% of the working population is employed in businesses in the tertiary sector

  • Emerging economies have experienced growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors in recent years, with many businesses now focused on the provision of consumer services

  • The most developed economies have a very high proportion of the workforce employed in the provision of services, increasing focus on the quaternary sector

    • Developed economies use their wealth to fund advanced education and higher-level skills training, which further supports the growth of these industries

Graph: Employment in Tertiary Industries in some Countries Since 1991

screenshot-2024-01-11-at-12-53-06

Employment in tertiary sector industries in the USA, Germany, South Africa, Ecuador and Thailand since 1991

(Source: WorldBank)

Graph analysis

  • Highly-developed economies such as the US and Germany have the highest proportion of their workforces employed in the service industry

  • Thailand's service sector employs twice as many employees in 2019 as it did in 1991

  • Around half of Ecuador's workforce is now employed in service delivery

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Make sure that you can define and identify examples within each sector. This is a common focus for 'state' and multiple-choice questions.

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Lisa Eades

Author: Lisa Eades

Expertise: Business Content Creator

Lisa has taught A Level, GCSE, BTEC and IBDP Business for over 20 years and is a senior Examiner for Edexcel. Lisa has been a successful Head of Department in Kent and has offered private Business tuition to students across the UK. Lisa loves to create imaginative and accessible resources which engage learners and build their passion for the subject.

Steve Vorster

Author: Steve Vorster

Expertise: Economics & Business Subject Lead

Steve has taught A Level, GCSE, IGCSE Business and Economics - as well as IBDP Economics and Business Management. He is an IBDP Examiner and IGCSE textbook author. His students regularly achieve 90-100% in their final exams. Steve has been the Assistant Head of Sixth Form for a school in Devon, and Head of Economics at the world's largest International school in Singapore. He loves to create resources which speed up student learning and are easily accessible by all.