The Need for Transport (Edexcel GCSE Biology: Combined Science)

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The Need for Transport

  • In order for any organism to function properly, it needs to exchange substances between itself and the environment such as:
    • Oxygen
    • Carbon dioxide
    • Water
    • Dissolved food molecules
    • Mineral ions
    • Urea

  • This exchange of substances occurs across the cell membrane
  • There are three transport processes that living organisms use for exchange: diffusion, osmosis and active transport
  • Unicellular (single-celled) organisms like amoeba have very large surface areas (SA) in comparison to their volumes
    • This means that the distance between the surface of the organism to its centre is very small

  • As a result, unicellular organisms do not need to have specialist exchange surfaces or transport systems; as diffusion, osmosis and active transport through the cell membrane occur at a sufficient rate to meet the needs of the organism

Transport in unicellular organisms, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

Unicellular organisms such as amoeba do not require transport systems due to their large surface area to volume ratio

Multicellular organisms

  • For larger, multicellular organisms the distance between the surface of the organism to its centre is relatively long
  • This is why larger organisms usually have exchange surfaces and transport systems; as diffusion, osmosis and active transport cannot happen sufficiently to meet a larger organism’s needs otherwise
  • Transport systems in animals include:
    • The blood and circulatory system - carries the necessary substances around the body

  • Transport systems in plants include:
    • The xylem - moves water and mineral ions from roots to shoots
    • The phloem - moves sugars and amino acids to where they are needed in the plant

Transport systems in plants and animals, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

Some examples of transport systems in plants and animals

The Need for Exchange Surfaces

  • Large, multicellular organisms like humans have relatively small surface areas (SA) in comparison to their volumes
  • This is why larger organisms need exchange surfaces within their transport systems to carry out diffusion, osmosis and active transport at a sufficient rate
  • Exchange surfaces in animals include:
    • The lungs and alveoli for gas exchange
    • The small intestines and villi for absorption of digested food

  • Exchange surfaces in plants include:
    • Roots and root hairs where mineral ions and water are absorbed
    • The leaves for gas exchange

Cell Adaptations for Diffusion, IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

Some examples of exchange surfaces in plants and animals

Properties of exchange surfaces

  • Multicellular organisms have surfaces and organ systems that maximise the exchange of materials by increasing the efficiency of exchange in a number of ways:
    • Having a large surface area to increase the rate of transport
    • A barrier that is as thin as possible to separate two regions, to provide as short a diffusion path as possible for substances to move across

  • In addition, animals have:
    • A large network of blood vessels throughout the body:
      • To reduce the distance of exchange of materials between cells and the bloodstream
      • To move substances towards or away from exchange surfaces to maintain concentration gradients

    • Gas exchange surfaces that are well ventilated to maintain concentration gradients

  • You should be able to calculate and compare surface area to volume ratios
  • You can model the effect of how increasing size affects surface area to volume ratio using simple cubes:

SA V ratio calculation, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

Calculating the surface area to volume ratio

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Lára

Author: Lára

Expertise: Biology Lead

Lára graduated from Oxford University in Biological Sciences and has now been a science tutor working in the UK for several years. Lára has a particular interest in the area of infectious disease and epidemiology, and enjoys creating original educational materials that develop confidence and facilitate learning.