Health & Disease (AQA GCSE Biology: Combined Science)

Exam Questions

3 hours15 questions
1a
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1 mark

The abbreviation CHD is used to describe a number of heart conditions.

What does the 'C' of CHD stand for?

  • Cardiac

  • Coronary

  • Collective

  • Chronic

1b
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1 mark

Name the type of blood vessel which is most likely to become obstructed by fatty deposits, leading to heart disease. 

1c
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2 marks

A series of events that lead to a heart attack are shown in Table 1, but in the wrong sequential order.

Table 1

Event Description
A Respiration stops in cardiac muscle cells
B Cardiac muscle is starved of glucose and oxygen
C Blood flow is restricted
D Cells die and stop beating
E Fatty deposits from the diet build up on the walls of coronary arteries

Complete the table below to reorder events A - E into sequential order.  

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
         

1d
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1 mark

Name the chemical substance that is the principle cause of the fatty deposits that build up in the lead-up to heart disease. 

1e
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2 marks

Identify the object in Figure 1 below and explain its use in treating heart disease. 

Figure 1

5D0PuvTW_stent

1f
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1 mark

Name the group of drugs prescribed to patients at high risk of heart disease to reduce their cholesterol levels. 

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2a
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3 marks

Complete the sentence using the correct words from the box.

Heart valves can become faulty and can need replacing. As blood leaves the heart, the valve controls blood flow from the _____________ to the _____________. Old age, disease or a previous ___________________ can weaken the heart valves. They can stiffen and fail to close, resulting in backflow of blood from the ventricles to the __________, resulting in reduced supply of _________________ to body organs and tissues.

heart attack               atria               ventricles               oxygen               arteries

2b
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1 mark

Patients with a more severe heart condition are sometimes recommended to undergo a heart transplant. 

Identify one major obstacle associated with heart transplants which may be faced by patients.

2c
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1 mark

Which of statements A - D is false?

  • Fatty foods increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease.

  • Solid deposits called plaques build up in blood vessels and can cause blockages that lead to coronary heart disease.

  • Risk factors for coronary heart disease can interact to further increase the risk of an individual suffering a heart attack.

  • Smoking is a major risk factor and has been proved to cause coronary heart disease. 

2d
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1 mark

'Health' has been defined as a state of physical well-being.

Identify another important element of health which has been omitted from this definition. 

2e1 mark

Following a routine health check, a patient is warned by their doctor that their 'bad' cholesterol levels are high.

Which statement of A - D is correct?

  • The patient requires a replacement heart valve.

  • A course of statins will help lower the patient's cholesterol levels.

  • Their coronary arteries are blocked causing the cholesterol level to increase.

  • The patient requires a stent to be fitted.

2f2 marks

Diseased heart valves can be replaced with mechanical valves.

Describe another type of heart valve that can be used.

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3a
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2 marks

Pregnant women who smoke are often advised to undergo Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) through their pregnancy. During NRT nicotine patches deliver nicotine to the body, in place of smoking cigarettes. 

Suggest why NRT is recommended, even though the fetus still gets exposed to nicotine from the mother's blood.

3b
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2 marks

Electronic smoking products (e-cigarettes), as shown in Figure 2 are not recommended for pregnant women but have been found to contain lower levels of harmful substances that could harm the health of the fetus. Nothing is burned in an e-cigarette; heat is applied to a liquid that evaporates and the user inhales the vapour. 

Figure 2

vaping-1

A list of harmful substances in tobacco smoke includes the following:

  • Tar
  • Nicotine
  • Organic chemicals
  • Ammonia
  • Carbon monoxide

Identify the two harmful components from this list that are absent in e-cigarette smoke.

3c
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2 marks

The incidence of stillbirths (babies born dead) or neonatal deaths (babies who die within 28 days of birth) has been linked to the number of cigarettes smoked by the mother during pregnancy. 

(i)
Sketch a graph on the axes in Figure 3 to show the relationship between numbers of cigarettes smoked and the percentage of stillbirths and neonatal deaths. 

(1)
(ii)
Name the type of relationship between these two variables. 

(1)

Figure 3

Fu4Uxg7X_stillbirths-and-neonatal-q

3d
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2 marks

Even though tar does not enter the mother's blood when she smokes, tar can have a detrimental effect on the fetus by building up inside the mother's lungs.

Explain how the fetus might suffer as a result. 

3e
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2 marks

Eating a diet high in sugar is believed to reduce the body's sensitivity to the hormone insulin.

Name this condition and describe one of its symptoms.

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4a
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4 marks

The boxes to the right below show eight different diseases. 

comm-v-non-comm-join-the-lines---q-1

Draw straight lines to link each disease to one of the boxes to the left, showing whether that disease is communicable or non-communicable. 

4b
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1 mark

Which of A - D gives the best definition of the term 'risk factor'?

  • A factor that causes a particular disease.

  • A factor that increases the chance of a person contracting a particular disease. 

  • A factor that indicates how a person will die if they follow certain lifestyles.

  • A factor that risks death if a person takes the incorrect dose of a certain medication. 

4c
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3 marks

Complete the sentence using the correct words from the box.

The __________ can be harmed by excessive alcohol intake. Because it breaks down alcohol slowly, the poisonous effect of alcohol can damage __________ in that organ, which can lead to organ failure. Alcohol can also damage the walls of the _________________ as it passes through the digestive tract before being absorbed. This can cause leakage of __________ chemicals from the digestive tract, which can in turn ___________ other cells. 

toxic          tissues          damage          liver          small intestine

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5a
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1 mark

Which of A - D is not a feature of a malignant tumour? 

  • It can grow untreated and end up being harmless. 

  • It often has an irregular shape.

  • It can spread to other tissues/organs.

  • It grows faster than the (non-tumour) cells around it.

5b
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3 marks

Figure 4 is a Venn diagram about benign and malignant tumours. 

Figure 4

vTRWuIY4_benign-v-malignant

Write the numbers that correspond to the following statements about tumours into the correct section of the Venn diagram in Figure 4

  1. Causes cancer
  2. Has smooth, regular borders
  3. Can become large
  4. Can spread to other tissues/organs
  5. Can block blood flow if it becomes too large
  6. Has no known causes

5c
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2 marks

Doctors looking to diagnose cancer always prefer to detect the tumour in its early stages rather than when the tumour has become more established. 

Explain why.

5d
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1 mark

Name the type of light that is a major risk factor for skin cancer. 

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1a4 marks

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a major cause of death worldwide.

Describe how CHD develops and the main causes.

1b1 mark

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is classed as a non-communicable disease.

Suggest what is meant by a non-communicable disease.

1c4 marks

Two types of cholesterol in the blood can have a profound impact on a patient’s health; LDL and HDL.

  • High levels of LDL are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD).
  • High levels of HDL in the blood can reduce levels of LDL.

There are a number of drugs which can be prescribed to increase an individual’s HDL level to reduce their risk of developing CHD.

Scientists monitored the effect of five of these drugs on one person over 10 years, the results are shown in Figure 1 below.

The labelled arrows show when each new treatment was started.

Figure 1

hdl-in-blood_graph

Compare the effectiveness of the treatments in reducing the risk of CHD.

1d4 marks

Statins are a commonly prescribed drug which can reduce an individual’s risk of developing Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).

Discuss the use of statins to prevent CHD.

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2a1 mark

Increasing age and lifestyle factors are both associated with an increased risk of having cancer.

Smoking has been identified as a risk factor for a number of cancers.

Suggest how smoking can cause cancer.

2b
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3 marks

The leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States (USA) is cancer of the lungs and bronchi.

Table 1 below shows the number of new cases and deaths related to cancer of the lungs and bronchi in the USA between 1993 and 2018.

Table 1

Year Number of new cases per 100 000 persons

Number of deaths per 100 000 persons

1993 66.2 59.7
1998 63.0 56.8
2003 60.0 54.2
2008 56.3 49.4
2013 50.0 41.7
2018 44.4 33.9

Showing your working, calculate the average rate of decrease per year in the number of new cases of lung and bronchus cancer between 1993 and 2018.

Express your answer to two significant figures.

2c3 marks

The data in Table 1 suggests that the incidence of lung and bronchus cancer in the USA is decreasing.

Suggest why this could be.

2d
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3 marks

Compare the data between the number of cases versus the number of deaths in Table 1.

Describe the trend seen in the data and suggest possible reasons for the pattern observed.

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3a3 marks

Bowel cancer is a cancer which effects the large intestine or rectum. It is the fourth most common cancer in the UK, and is most likely diagnosed in individuals over the age of 50.

Suggest an explanation as to how cancer arises.

3b2 marks

Describe how a person with bowel cancer could also develop lung cancer.

3c3 marks

Tumours form as a result of loss of control of the cell cycle.

This leads to uncontrolled cell growth and division of cells.

Tumours can be described as benign or malignant.

Outline the differences between benign and malignant tumours

3d2 marks

Colorectal cancers are often found in people with a family history of colorectal cancer.

As many as 1 in 3 people who develop colorectal cancer have other family members who have had it.

Suggest why this is.

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4a6 marks

Non-communicable diseases are a major cause of ill health or reduced lifespan.

Factors including diet, stress and life situations can all contribute to an increased incidence of a non-communicable disease.

Using specific examples describe how the above factors can affect health.

4b2 marks

The interactions of many factors may negatively impact the health of an individual.

Infection of certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), is associated with an increased risk of developing cervical cancer.

Suggest how the risk factors associated with HPV infection can be minimised

4c4 marks

If a patient has heart failure they may benefit from a heart transplant using donor organs.

There is a greater demand for donor organs than availability so another option is to fit an artificial heart.

Table 2 lists some of the advantages associated with using an artificial heart.

Table 2

Advantages Disadvantages
Immediately available (There are not enough donor hearts to meet demand)  
Less likely to be rejected  
Can prolong life (up to 5 years)   
Improved level of physical activity  

Complete the table by suggesting the disadvantages of using artificial heart transplants.

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5a4 marks

Drugs such as statins and surgical intervention can be used to help treat Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).

There are also many lifestyle factors that can be changed to help reduce the risk of CHD.

Describe some of the lifestyle factors that can reduce the risk of CHD.

5b4 marks

Identify and describe a surgical procedure used to increase the diameter of the lumen of the coronary arteries in a patient suffering with coronary heart disease.

Include details of what the medical procedure involves.

5c3 marks

In the case of severe heart disease or heart failure, receiving a heart transplant can lead to major improvements in quality of life and longevity of patients.

Figure 2 shows data from the UK on the number of heart transplants and the number of patients on the waiting list for a transplant.

Figure 2

5

Describe the trends in data for the 'number of heart transplants' and the 'number of patients on the transplant wait list' as shown in Figure 2.

5d3 marks

Suggest reasons for the changes to the transplant waiting list as shown in Figure 2.

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1a3 marks

Describe the risks associated with having a stent fitted.

1b4 marks

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a major cause of death worldwide.

Describe how CHD develops and the main causes.

1c6 marks

Figure 1 shows the difference between a normal heart valve and a diseased heart valve when open and closed.

Figure 1

heart-valve

Explain why a severely diseased heart valve can cause problems and how it can be corrected.

1d6 marks

Statins are often prescribed to lower the risk of developing coronary heart disease.

Evaluate the use of statins by listing some of the advantages and disadvantages,

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2a6 marks

Explain the short and long-term impacts of obesity on the human body (list at least three examples of non-communicable diseases in your answer).

2b6 marks

A heart transplant can lead to major improvements in quality of life and longevity, in patients that suffer from severe heart disease.

However, since 2009 in the UK, there have not been enough donor hearts to meet demand as shown in Figure 2

Artificial hearts are often given to suitable patients as an interim solution.

Figure 2

5

Explain some of the advantages and disadvantages of using an artificial heart.

2c4 marks

The World Health Organisation (WHO) state that:

"Good health is more than just feeling well; it is a state of complete wellbeing".

Explain what the WHO mean by this statement

2d4 marks

Compare communicable and non-communicable diseases. 

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3a3 marks

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus which emerged during the 1980s and has since infected millions of people globally. 

Explain why HIV sufferers may have an increased chance of suffering from communicable diseases.

3b2 marks

Figure 3 shows the percentage of the population with type 2 diabetes and the mean body mass of the population, from 1990 to 2000.

Figure 3
MHg7VH0v_3

Figure 3

Explain why the study chose to focus on body mass index.

3c
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2 marks

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can be spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person.

Most infections can be latent and show no sign of disease, but around 10% of infections can progress to an active form of the disease which can be fatal if left untreated.

Table 1 shows the number of new cases of TB and the number of deaths in selected countries.

Table 1
Country Number of new TB cases per 100 000 people Number of deaths from TB per 100 000 people Case fatality rate (%)
China 100 15 15
Ethiopia 385 92  
India 192 38 19.8
United Kingdom 13 1 7.7
United States of America 7 0 0

Calculate the case fatality rate for Ethiopia.

3d3 marks

Suggest why the number of new cases of TB (as shown in Table 1) is higher in some countries than others.

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4a4 marks

A global study was carried out, to determine if there was any correlation between people's alcohol consumption and the rates of colon cancer. The results for selected countries are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4

colon-cancer

Suggest what may affect the validity of the study.

4b4 marks

Explain why alcohol is considered a risk factor for non-communicable diseases.

4c6 marks

A recent article in a medical journal stated the following:

"The global burden of non-communicable diseases is growing, and there is an urgent need to implement improved strategies in order to reduce the overall cost to both human life and countries' healthcare systems".

Explain why non-communicable diseases are considered 'costly'.

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5a3 marks

Figure 5 shows the five year survival rates for different types of cancer in 1975 and 2015.

Figure 5

cancer-types-1

Suggest a reason for the trend observed for cancer survival rates from 1975 compared to 2015.

Details of the the types of cancer are not required in your answer. 

5b3 marks

Fibroids are benign growths in the uterus that often appear during childbearing years.

Suggest why they are usually monitored closely by doctors and may require surgical removal.

5c4 marks

Figure 6 shows how the interaction of different risk factors can affect a person's susceptibility to cancer.

Figure 6

risks

Explain, how genetic and lifestyle factors can increase the chance of developing cancer.

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